Antibodies to human tumor necrosis factor receptor

ABSTRACT

Tumor necrosis factors and their receptors have proven usefulness in both basic research and as therapeutics. The present invention provides a new human tumor necrosis factor receptor designated as “Ztnfr12.”

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.11/559,336 filed Nov. 13, 2006, which is a divisional of U.S.application Ser. No. 10/008,063 filed Nov. 5, 2001, which claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/315,565, filed Aug.29, 2001, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/301,715, filed Jun.28, 2001, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/257,131, filed Dec.20, 2000, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/246,449, filedNov. 7, 2000, all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to a new protein expressed byhuman cells. In particular, the present invention relates to a novelgene that encodes a receptor, designated as “Ztnfr12,” and to nucleicacid molecules encoding Ztnfr12 polypeptides.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cytokines are soluble, small proteins that mediate a variety ofbiological effects, including the regulation of the growth anddifferentiation of many cell types (see, for example, Arai et al., Annu.Rev. Biochem. 59:783 (1990); Mosmann, Curr. Opin. Immunol 3:311 (1991);Paul and Seder, Cell 76:241 (1994)). Proteins that constitute thecytokine group include interleukins, interferons, colony stimulatingfactors, tumor necrosis factors, and other regulatory molecules. Forexample, human interleukin-17 is a cytokine which stimulates theexpression of interleukin-6, intracellular adhesion molecule 1,interleukin-8, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, andprostaglandin E2 expression, and plays a role in the preferentialmaturation of CD34+ hematopoietic precursors into neutrophils (Yao etal., J. Immunol. 155:5483 (1995); Fossiez et al., J. Exp. Med. 183:2593(1996)).

Receptors that bind cytokines are typically composed of one or moreintegral membrane proteins that bind the cytokine with high affinity andtransduce this binding event to the cell through the cytoplasmicportions of the certain receptor subunits. Cytokine receptors have beengrouped into several classes on the basis of similarities in theirextracellular ligand binding domains. For example, the receptor chainsresponsible for binding and/or transducing the effect of interferons aremembers of the type II cytokine receptor family, based upon acharacteristic 200 residue extracellular domain.

Cellular interactions, which occur during an immune response, areregulated by members of several families of cell surface receptors,including the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family. The TNFRfamily consists of a number of integral membrane glycoprotein receptorsmany of which, in conjunction with their respective ligands, regulateinteractions between different hematopoietic cell lineages (see, forexample, Cosman, Stem Cells 12:440 (1994); Wajant et al., CytokineGrowth Factor Rev. 10:15 (1999); Yeh et al., Immunol. Rev. 169:283(1999); Idriss and Naismith, Microsc. Res. Tech. 50:184 (2000)).

One such receptor is TACI, transmembrane activator and CAML-interactor(von Billow and Bram, Science 228:138 (1997); PCT publication WO98/39361). TACI is a membrane bound receptor, which has an extracellulardomain containing two cysteine-rich pseudo-repeats, a transmembranedomain and a cytoplasmic domain that interacts with CAML(calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand), an integral membrane proteinlocated at intracellular vesicles which is a co-inducer of NF-ATactivation when overexpressed in Jurkat cells. TACI is associated with Bcells and a subset of T cells.

The demonstrated in vivo activities of tumor necrosis factor receptorsillustrate the clinical potential of, and need for, other suchreceptors, as well as tumor necrosis factor receptor agonists, andantagonists.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a novel tumor necrosis factor receptor,designated “Ztnfr12.” The present invention also provides Ztnfr12polypeptides and Ztnfr12 fusion proteins, as well as nucleic acidmolecules encoding such polypeptides and proteins, and methods for usingthese nucleic acid molecules and amino acid sequences.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an immunoglobulin of the IgG1 subclass.C_(L): light chain constant region; C_(H1), C_(H2), C_(H3): heavy chainconstant regions; V_(L): light chain variable region; V_(H): heavy chainvariable region; CHO: carbohydrate; N: amino terminus; C: carboxylterminus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 1. Overview

ZTNF4 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family (SEQID NO:5). This molecule has also been designated as “BAFF,” “BLyS,”“TALL-1,” and “THANK” (Moore et al., Science 285:269 (1999);Mukhopadhyay et al., J. Biol. Chem. 274:15978 (1999); Schneider et al.,J. Exp. Med. 189:1747 (1999); Shu et al., J. Leukoc. Biol. 65:680(1999)). Two receptors have been identified that bind with ZTNF4: thetransmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI) and the B-cellmaturation receptor (BCMA) (Gross et al., Nature 404:995 (2000)).Biotinylated ZTNF4 was used to identify potential new receptors for thisligand. In these studies, the binding of biotinylated ZTNF4 to a panelof tumor cells was measured using flow cytometry. Surprisingly, ZTNF4was found to bind to a human B-lymphoid precursor cell line (REH cells),even though there was little binding of the cells with either monoclonalantibodies to TACI, or polyclonal antibodies to BCMA. Similar resultswere found with BJAB cells, derived from a human lymphoma. Theseobservations suggested that ZTNF4 bound with a receptor other than TACIor BCMA.

To investigate this possibility further, I¹²⁵-labeled ZTNF4 was bound tothe B-lymphoid precursor cells, and crosslinked to cell surfacemolecules. Treatment with anti-ZTNF4 polyclonal antibodies produced aradioactive precipitate, whereas treatment with anti-TACI or anti-BCMApolyclonal antibodies did not produce a radioactive precipitate. Thus,this data supported the hypothesis that a new receptor accounted for thebinding of ZTNF4 to the cells. The receptor, designated as “Ztnfr12,”was isolated as described in Example 1. Binding studies indicated thatthe new receptor binds ZTNF4, but not a ligand designated as “ZTNF2”(SEQ ID NO:6). ZTNF2 has also been designated as “APRIL” and “TNRF deathligand-1” (Hahne et al., J. Exp. Med. 188:1185 (1998); Kelly et al.,Cancer Res. 60:1021 (2000)).

The binding characteristics of Ztnfr12 were also investigated usingrecombinant host cells. Baby hamster kidney cells were transfected withan expression vector that comprised Ztnfr12 encoding sequences, and thetransfected cells were used in a binding study with I¹²⁵-labeled ZTNF4.Binding studies and Scatchard analyses indicated that the Kd of ZTNF4for Ztnfr12 is 1.0 nM, which is comparable to the Kd of ZTNF4 for TACIreceptor (1.25 nM) expressed by baby hamster kidney cells transfectedwith a TACI expression vector. The transfected cells expressedapproximately 150×10⁶ Ztnfr12 cell surface receptors per cell.

ZTNF4 appears to bind to virtually all mature CD19⁺ peripheral B cells,weakly to immature B cells in the bone marrow, and to most transformedB-cell lines. However, several B lymphomas, REH and BJAB for example,bind ZTNF4 but do not express appreciable levels of either TACI or BCMA.In addition, TACI and BCMA surface expression and ZTNF4 binding weredetermined on cells isolated from human tonsil, peripheral blood, andbone marrow using flow cytometry. The results indicate that TACI andBCMA are expressed at the highest levels on the most immature B cellpopulation, IgM⁺IgD^(lo), in human tonsil and peripheral blood.Expression levels of both receptors decrease on the surface of the moremature IgM⁺IgD⁺ B cells and are found at very low levels on IgM⁻IgD⁺ Bcells, a population that represents the most mature stage of B cellmaturation. However, ZTNF4 ligand binds to virtually all mature B cellsat high levels. Taken together these data implicate the presence ofadditional receptors for ZTNF4 on some B cell tumors and peripheralhuman B cells. These data suggest that Ztnfr12 is expressed at highestlevels on the most mature IgM⁻ IgD⁺ B cells and may account for the highlevels of zTNF4 binding to this population.

An illustrative nucleotide sequence that encodes Ztnfr12 is provided bySEQ ID NO:1. The encoded polypeptide has the following amino acidsequence: MRRGPRSLRG RDAPAPTPCV PAECFDLLVR HCVACGLLRT PRPKPAGASSPAPRTALQPQ ESVGAGAGEA ALPLPGLLFG APALLGLALV LALVLVGLVS WRRRQRRLRGASSAEAPDGD KDAPEPLDKV IILSPGISDA TAPAWPPPGE DPGTTPPGHS VPVPATELGSTELVTTKTAG PEQQ (SEQ ID NO:2). Features of the Ztnfr12 polypeptideinclude an extracellular domain that comprises amino acid residues 1 to69 of SEQ ID NO:2 or amino acid residues 1 to 79 of SEQ ID NO:2, atransmembrane domain that comprises amino acid residues 70 to 100 of SEQID NO:2 or amino acid residues 80 to 100 of SEQ ID NO:2, and anintracellular domain at about amino acid residues 101 to 184 of SEQ IDNO:2.

A nucleotide sequence that includes the Ztnfr12 gene is provided by SEQID NO:9. The Ztnfr12 gene comprises three exons. With reference to theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, exon 1 encodes amino acid residues 1to the first nucleotide of the codon for amino acid 46, exon 2 encodesthe remainder of amino acid 46 to the first nucleotide of the codon foramino acid 123, and exon 3 encodes the remainder of amino acid 123 toamino acid 184. The 3′-untranslated region includes nucleotides 2405 toabout 5720 of SEQ ID NO:9. Table 1 provides further features of thisnucleotide sequence.

TABLE 1 Corresponding region Feature SEQ ID NO: 9 of SEQ ID NO: 1 Exon 11001-1136  27-162 Intron 1 1137-1442 Exon 2 1443-1673 163-393 Intron 21674-2219 Exon 3 2220-2404 394-578

The Ztnfr12 gene resides in chromosome 22q13.2, and Ztnfr12 is expressedin most lymph tissues (e.g. lymphoid node tissue), B-cell tumors, andgerminal center B-cells. Northern and dot blot analyses revealed thatZtnfr12 gene expression is detectable in spleen, lymph node, peripheralblood lymphocytes, kidney, heart, liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas,adrenal gland, testis, brain, uterus, stomach, bone marrow, tracheathymus, placenta, fetal liver and Raji cells. The strongest signals wereassociated with spleen and lymph node tissues, whereas weak signals wereassociated with brain, uterine, and placental tissue. Accordingly,Ztnfr12 antibodies and nucleic acid probes can be used to differentiatebetween these tissues.

As described below, the present invention provides isolated polypeptidescomprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, at least 80%, orat least 90% identical to a reference amino acid sequence selected fromthe group consisting of: (a) amino acid residues 7 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2,(b) amino acid residues 7 to 79 of SEQ ID NO:2, (c) amino acid residues7 to 39 of SEQ ID NO:2, (d) amino acid residues 19 to 35 of SEQ ID NO:2,(e) amino acid residues 1 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2, (f) amino acid residues1 to 79 of SEQ ID NO:2, (g) amino acid residues 1 to 39 of SEQ ID NO:2,(h) amino acid residues 1 to 71 of SEQ ID NO:2, (i) amino acid residues7 to 71 of SEQ ID NO:2, (j) amino acid residues 70 to 100 of SEQ IDNO:2, (k) amino acid residues 80 to 100 of SEQ ID NO:2, (l) amino acidresidues 101 to 184 of SEQ ID NO:2, and (m) the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO:2. Certain Ztnfr12 polypeptides specifically bind with anantibody that specifically binds with a polypeptide consisting of theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. Certain Ztnfr12 polypeptidesspecifically bind ZTNF4, while other polypeptides specifically bindZTNF4 but do not specifically bind ZTNF2. Illustrative Ztnfr12polypeptides include polypeptides comprising, or consisting of, aminoacid residues 7 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 7 to 79 of SEQID NO:2, amino acid residues 7 to 39 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues19 to 35 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 1 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2,amino acid residues 1 to 79 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 1 to 71of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 7 to 71 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acidresidues 1 to 39 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 80 to 100 of SEQ IDNO:2, amino acid residues 70 to 100 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues101 to 184 of SEQ ID NO:2, and the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.The present invention also provides isolated polypeptides comprising atleast 15, or at least 30, contiguous amino acid residues of amino acidresidues 7 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 7 to 79 of SEQ IDNO:2, amino acid residues 7 to 39 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 19to 35 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 1 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2, aminoacid residues 1 to 79 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 1 to 71 of SEQID NO:2, amino acid residues 7 to 71 of SEQ ID NO:2, or amino acidresidues 1 to 39 of SEQ ID NO:2.

The present invention further provides polypeptides encoded by at leastone Ztnfr12 exon. For example, such polypeptides can consist of thefollowing amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO:2: amino acid residues 1 to45, amino acid residues 47 to 122, and amino acid residues 124 to 184.

The present invention also includes variant Ztnfr12 polypeptides,wherein the amino acid sequence of the variant polypeptide shares anidentity with amino acid residues 7 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acidresidues 7 to 79 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 7 to 39 of SEQ IDNO:2, amino acid residues 19 to 35 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 1to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 1 to 79 of SEQ ID NO:2, aminoacid residues 1 to 39 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 1 to 71 of SEQID NO:2, amino acid residues 7 to 71 of SEQ ID NO:2, or amino acidresidues 1 to 184 of SEQ ID NO:2, selected from the group consisting ofat least 70% identity, at least 80% identity, at least 90% identity, atleast 95% identity, or greater than 95% identity, and wherein anydifference between the amino acid sequence of the variant polypeptideand the corresponding amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 is due to oneor more conservative amino acid substitutions.

The present invention further provides antibodies and antibody fragmentsthat specifically bind with such polypeptides. Exemplary antibodiesinclude polyclonal antibodies, murine monoclonal antibodies, humanizedantibodies derived from murine monoclonal antibodies, and humanmonoclonal antibodies. Illustrative antibody fragments include F(ab′)₂,F(ab)₂, Fab′, Fab, Fv, scFv, and minimal recognition units. The presentinvention further includes compositions comprising a carrier and apeptide, polypeptide, antibody, or anti-idiotype antibody describedherein.

The present invention also provides isolated nucleic acid molecules thatencode a Ztnfr12 polypeptide, wherein the nucleic acid molecule isselected from the group consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid moleculecomprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:3, (b) a nucleic acidmolecule encoding an amino acid sequence that comprises amino acidresidues 7 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 7 to 79 of SEQ IDNO:2, amino acid residues 7 to 39 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 19to 35 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 1 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2, aminoacid residues 1 to 79 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 1 to 39 of SEQID NO:2, amino acid residues 1 to 71 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues7 to 71 of SEQ ID NO:2, or amino acid residues 1 to 184 of SEQ ID NO:2,and (c) a nucleic acid molecule that remains hybridized followingstringent wash conditions to a nucleic acid molecule comprising thenucleotide sequence of nucleotides 27 to 578 of SEQ ID NO:1, thenucleotide sequence of nucleotides 27 to 233 of SEQ ID NO:1, thecomplement of the nucleotide sequence of nucleotides 27 to 578 of SEQ IDNO:1, or the complement of the nucleotide sequence of nucleotides 27 to233 of SEQ ID NO:1. Illustrative nucleic acid molecules include those inwhich any difference between the amino acid sequence encoded by nucleicacid molecule (c) and the corresponding amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:2 is due to a conservative amino acid substitution.

The present invention further contemplates isolated nucleic acidmolecules that comprise nucleotides 27 to 578 of SEQ ID NO:1 (whichencodes amino acid residues 1 to 184 of SEQ ID NO:2), nucleotides 27 to233 of SEQ ID NO:1 (which encodes amino acid residues 1 to 69 of SEQ IDNO:2), nucleotides 27 to 263 of SEQ ID NO:1 (which encodes amino acidresidues 1 to 79 of SEQ ID NO:2), nucleotides 45 to 233 of SEQ ID NO:1(which encodes amino acid residues 7 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2), nucleotides45 to 263 of SEQ ID NO:1 (which encodes amino acid residues 7 to 79 ofSEQ ID NO:2), nucleotides 45 to 143 of SEQ ID NO:1 (which encodes aminoacid residues 7 to 39 of SEQ ID NO:2), nucleotides 81 to 131 of SEQ IDNO:1 (which encodes amino acid residues 19 to 35 of SEQ ID NO:2),nucleotides 27 to 239 of SEQ ID NO:1 (which encodes amino acid residues1 to 71 of SEQ ID NO:2), nucleotides 45 to 239 of SEQ ID NO:1 (whichencodes amino acid residues 7 to 71 of SEQ ID NO:2), and nucleotides 327to 578 of SEQ ID NO:1 (which encodes amino acid residues 101 to 184 ofSEQ ID NO:2).

The present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules that consistof the nucleotide sequence of a Ztnfr12 exon or intron. The nucleotidesequences of these exons and introns are identified in Table 1.

The present invention also includes vectors and expression vectorscomprising such nucleic acid molecules. Such expression vectors maycomprise a transcription promoter, and a transcription terminator,wherein the promoter is operably linked with the nucleic acid molecule,and wherein the nucleic acid molecule is operably linked with thetranscription terminator. The present invention further includesrecombinant host cells and recombinant viruses comprising these vectorsand expression vectors. Illustrative host cells include bacterial,avian, yeast, fungal, insect, mammalian, and plant cells. Recombinanthost cells comprising such expression vectors can be used to produceZtnfr12 polypeptides by culturing such recombinant host cells thatcomprise the expression vector and that produce the Ztnfr12 protein,and, optionally, isolating the Ztnfr12 protein from the culturedrecombinant host cells. The present invention further includes theproducts of such processes.

The present invention also provides polypeptides comprising amino acidresidues 1 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:13, polypeptides comprising at least 10,at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, or at least 30 consecutive aminoacid residues of amino acid residues 1 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:13,polypeptides comprising amino acid residues 21 to 38 of SEQ ID NO:13,fusion proteins comprising amino acid residues 1 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:13,nucleic acid molecules encoding such amino acid sequences, expressionvectors comprising such nucleic acid molecules, and recombinant hostcells comprising such expression vectors. The present invention furtherincludes methods for producing murine Ztnfr12 polypeptides using suchrecombinant host cells.

An alignment of the amino acid sequences of TALI, BCMA, human Ztnfr12,and murine Ztnfr12 revealed the following motif in the extracellulardomains: C[NVPS] [QPE] [TAEN] [EQ] [CY] [FW]D [PLS]L [VL] [RGH] [NHTA]C[VMI] [SAP] C, wherein acceptable amino acids for a given position areindicated within square brackets (SEQ ID NO:46). The present inventionincludes polypeptides having an amino acid sequence that consists ofthis motif, wherein the polypeptides bind ZTNF4. The present inventionalso includes antibodies that bind to a polypeptide having an amino acidsequence that consists of this motif.

In addition, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositionscomprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one ofsuch an expression vector or recombinant virus comprising suchexpression vectors. The present invention further includespharmaceutical compositions, comprising a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier and a polypeptide described herein.

The present invention also contemplates methods for detecting thepresence of Ztnfr12 RNA in a biological sample, comprising the steps of(a) contacting a Ztnfr12 nucleic acid probe under hybridizing conditionswith either (i) test RNA molecules isolated from the biological sample,or (ii) nucleic acid molecules synthesized from the isolated RNAmolecules, wherein the probe has a nucleotide sequence comprising aportion of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, or its complement,and (b) detecting the formation of hybrids of the nucleic acid probe andeither the test RNA molecules or the synthesized nucleic acid molecules,wherein the presence of the hybrids indicates the presence of Ztnfr12RNA in the biological sample. For example, suitable probes consist ofthe following nucleotide sequences: nucleotides 27 to 578 of SEQ IDNO:1, and nucleotides 27 to 233 of SEQ ID NO:1. Other suitable probesconsist of the complement of these nucleotide sequences, or a portion ofthe nucleotide sequences as described herein, or their complements.

The present invention further provides methods for detecting thepresence of Ztnfr12 polypeptide in a biological sample, comprising thesteps of: (a) contacting the biological sample with an antibody or anantibody fragment that specifically binds with a polypeptide consistingof the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, wherein the contacting isperformed under conditions that allow the binding of the antibody orantibody fragment to the biological sample, and (b) detecting any of thebound antibody or bound antibody fragment. Such an antibody or antibodyfragment may further comprise a detectable label selected from the groupconsisting of radioisotope, fluorescent label, chemiluminescent label,enzyme label, bioluminescent label, and colloidal gold.

The present invention also provides kits for performing these detectionmethods. For example, a kit for detection of Ztnfr12 gene expression maycomprise a container that comprises a nucleic acid molecule, wherein thenucleic acid molecule is selected from the group consisting of: (a) anucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of nucleotides27 to 233 of SEQ ID NO:1, (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising thecomplement of nucleotides 27 to 233 of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ IDNO:1, and (c) a nucleic acid molecule that is a fragment of (a) or (b)consisting of at least eight nucleotides. Such a kit may also comprise asecond container that comprises one or more reagents capable ofindicating the presence of the nucleic acid molecule. On the other hand,a kit for detection of Ztnfr12 protein may comprise a container thatcomprises an antibody, or an antibody fragment, that specifically bindswith a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

The present invention also contemplates anti-idiotype antibodies, oranti-idiotype antibody fragments, that specifically bind an antibody orantibody fragment that specifically binds a polypeptide consisting ofthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. An exemplary anti-idiotypeantibody binds with an antibody that specifically binds a polypeptideconsisting of amino acid residues 1 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acidresidues 1 to 79 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 7 to 69 of SEQ IDNO:2, amino acid residues 7 to 79 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 1to 71 of SEQ ID NO:2, or amino acid residues 7 to 71 of SEQ ID NO:2.

The present invention also provides fusion proteins, comprising aZtnfr12 polypeptide and an immunoglobulin moiety. In such fusionproteins, the immunoglobulin moiety may be an immunoglobulin heavy chainconstant region, such as a human F_(c) fragment. The present inventionfurther includes isolated nucleic acid molecules that encode such fusionproteins.

The present invention further includes methods for inhibiting, in amammal, the activity of a ligand that binds Ztnfr12 (e.g., ZTNF4),comprising administering to the mammal a composition comprising at leastone of: (a) soluble Ztnfr12 receptor, (b) an antibody or antibodyfragment which specifically binds with the extracellular domain ofZtnfr12, and (c) a fusion protein comprising the extracellular domain ofZtnfr12. As an illustration, such a composition can be used to treatdisorders and diseases associated with B lymphocytes, activated Blymphocytes, or resting B lymphocytes. Examples of B cell lymphomas thatmay be treated with the molecules described herein include Burkitt'slymphoma, Non-Burkitt's lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiplemyeloma, follicular lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chroniclymphocytic leukemia, large cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma,mantle cell lymphoma, large cell lymphoma (e.g., immunoblasticlymphoma), small lymphocytic lymphoma, and other B cell lymphomas. Suchcompositions can also be used to treat T cell lymphomas, includinglymphoblastic lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, cutaneous T celllymphoma, peripheral T cell lymphomas, angioimmunoblastic lymphoma,angiocentric lymphoma, intestinal T cell lymphoma, adult T celllymphoma, adult T cell leukemia, and the like.

For example, the present invention includes methods for inhibiting theproliferation of tumor cells (e.g., B cell lymphoma cells or T celllymphoma cells), comprising administering to the tumor cells acomposition that comprises at least one of: (a) soluble Ztnfr12receptor, (b) an antibody or antibody fragment which specifically bindswith the extracellular domain of Ztnfr12, and (c) a fusion proteincomprising the extracellular domain of Ztnfr12. Such a composition canbe administered to cells cultured in vitro. Alternatively, thecomposition can be a pharmaceutical composition, and wherein thepharmaceutical composition is administered to a subject, which has atumor.

One example of a fusion protein is a Ztnfr12-immunoglobulin fusionprotein that comprises the extracellular domain of Ztnfr12 is a Ztnfr12polypeptide the comprises a fragment of a polypeptide comprising aminoacid residues 1 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2, and an immunoglobulin moietycomprising a constant region of an immunoglobulin. An illustrativeimmunoglobulin moiety comprises a heavy chain constant region. AZtnfr12-immunoglobulin fusion protein can be a monomer, a dimer, orother configuration, as discussed below.

In another example, a composition that comprises an anti-Ztnfr12antibody component is administered to tumor cells to inhibit theproliferation of the cells. The composition can be administered to cellscultured in vitro, or the composition can be a pharmaceuticalcomposition that is administered to a subject, which has a tumor. Suchcompositions can comprise an anti-Ztnf12 antibody component that is anaked Ztnf12 antibody, or such compositions can comprise an anti-Ztnf12antibody component that is a naked Ztnf12 antibody fragment. Moreover,the composition can comprise an immunoconjugate that comprises ananti-Ztnf12 antibody component and a therapeutic agent. Illustrativetherapeutic agents include a chemotherapeutic drug, cytotoxin,immunomodulator, chelator, boron compound, photoactive agent,photoactive dye, and radioisotope. Such compositions may comprise anantibody fusion protein that comprises an anti-Ztnfr12 antibodycomponent and either an immunomodulator or a cytotoxic polypeptide.Another form of composition is a multispecific antibody, which comprisesan anti-Ztnf12 naked antibody component, and at least one of ananti-BCMA naked antibody component, and an anti-TACI naked antibodycomponent. An illustrative multispecific antibody composition comprisesbispecific antibodies that bind Ztnfr12, and at least one of BCMA andTALI. Multispecific antibody compositions can further comprise atherapeutic agent. Moreover, a multispecific antibody composition cancomprise: (a) an anti-Ztnfr12 antibody fusion protein that compriseseither an immunomodulator or a cytotoxic polypeptide, and (b) at leastone of an anti-BCMA antibody component or an anti-TACI antibodycomponent.

Polypeptides comprising a Ztnfr12 extracellular domain or anti-Ztnfr12antibodies can be used to treat an autoimmune disease. Examples ofautoimmune diseases include systemic lupus erythomatosis, myastheniagravis, multiple sclerosis, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, andrheumatoid arthritis. Polypeptides comprising a Ztnfr12 extracellulardomain or anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies can also be used to treat asthma,bronchitis, emphysema, and end stage renal failure or renal disease.Illustrative renal diseases include glomerulonephritis, vasculitis,chronic lymphoid leukemia, nephritis, and pyelonephritis. Polypeptidescomprising a Ztnfr12 extracellular domain or anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies canfurther be used to treat renal neoplasms, multiple myelomas, lymphomas,light chain neuropathy, or amyloidosis.

The present invention also includes methods for inhibiting ZTNF4activity, wherein the ZTNF4 activity is associated with effector Tcells. Within a related method, the ZTNF4 activity is associated withregulating immune response. Within another method, the ZTNF4 activity isassociated with immunosuppression. Within yet another method, theimmunosuppression is associated with graft rejection, graft verses hostdisease, or inflammation. Within still another method, theimmunosuppression is associated with autoimmune disease. As anillustration, the autoimmune disease may be insulin-dependent diabetesmellitus or Crohn's disease. In yet other methods, immunosuppression isassociated with inflammation. Such inflammation can be associated with,for example, joint pain, swelling, anemia, or septic shock.

The present invention also includes methods for detecting a chromosome22q13.2 abnormality in a subject by (a) amplifying, from genomic DNAisolated from a biological sample of the subject, nucleic acid moleculesthat either (i) comprise a nucleotide sequence that encodes at least oneof Ztnfr12 exons 1 to 3, or that (ii) comprise a nucleotide sequencethat is the complement of (i), and (b) detecting a mutation in theamplified nucleic acid molecules, wherein the presence of a mutationindicates a chromosome 22q13.2 abnormality. In variations of thesemethods, the detecting step is performed by comparing the nucleotidesequence of the amplified nucleic acid molecules to the nucleotidesequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:9.

The present invention further provides methods for detecting achromosome 22q13.2 abnormality in a subject comprising: (a) amplifying,from genomic DNA isolated from a biological sample of the subject, asegment of the Ztnfr12 gene that comprises either the nucleotidesequence of at least one of intron 1 and intron 2, or the complementarynucleotide sequence of at least one of intron 1 and intron 2, and (b)detecting a mutation in the amplified nucleic acid molecules, whereinthe presence of a mutation indicates a chromosome 22q13.2 abnormality.In variations of these methods, the detecting step is performed bybinding the amplified Ztnfr12 gene segments to a membrane, andcontacting the membrane with a nucleic acid probe under hybridizingconditions of high stringency, wherein the absence of hybrids indicatesan abnormality associated with the expression of Ztnfr12, or a mutationin chromosome 22q13.2. As an illustration, a suitable nucleic acid probecan comprise the nucleotide sequence (or the complement of thenucleotide sequence) of any one of introns 1 and 2.

Examples of mutations or alterations of the Ztnfr12 gene or its geneproducts include point mutations, deletions, insertions, andrearrangements. Another example of a Ztnfr12 gene mutation isaneuploidy. The present invention also includes methods for detecting achromosome 22q13.2 abnormality in a subject comprising theidentification of an alteration in the region upstream of the first exonof the Ztnfr12 gene (e.g., within nucleotides 1 to 1000 of SEQ ID NO:9)using the detection methods described herein.

These and other aspects of the invention will become evident uponreference to the following detailed description. In addition, variousreferences are identified below and are incorporated by reference intheir entirety.

2. Definitions

In the description that follows, a number of terms are used extensively.The following definitions are provided to facilitate understanding ofthe invention.

As used herein, “nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid molecule” refers topolynucleotides, such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid(RNA), oligonucleotides, fragments generated by the polymerase chainreaction (PCR), and fragments generated by any of ligation, scission,endonuclease action, and exonuclease action. Nucleic acid molecules canbe composed of monomers that are naturally-occurring nucleotides (suchas DNA and RNA), or analogs of naturally-occurring nucleotides (e.g.,α-enantiomeric forms of naturally-occurring nucleotides), or acombination of both. Modified nucleotides can have alterations in sugarmoieties and/or in pyrimidine or purine base moieties. Sugarmodifications include, for example, replacement of one or more hydroxylgroups with halogens, alkyl groups, amines, and azido groups, or sugarscan be functionalized as ethers or esters. Moreover, the entire sugarmoiety can be replaced with sterically and electronically similarstructures, such as aza-sugars and carbocyclic sugar analogs. Examplesof modifications in a base moiety include alkylated purines andpyrimidines, acylated purines or pyrimidines, or other well-knownheterocyclic substitutes. Nucleic acid monomers can be linked byphosphodiester bonds or analogs of such linkages. Analogs ofphosphodiester linkages include phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate,phosphoroselenoate, phosphorodiselenoate, phosphoroanilothioate,phosphoranilidate, phosphoramidate, and the like. The term “nucleic acidmolecule” also includes so-called “peptide nucleic acids,” whichcomprise naturally-occurring or modified nucleic acid bases attached toa polyamide backbone. Nucleic acids can be either single stranded ordouble stranded.

The term “complement of a nucleic acid molecule” refers to a nucleicacid molecule having a complementary nucleotide sequence and reverseorientation as compared to a reference nucleotide sequence. For example,the sequence 5′ ATGCACGGG 3′ is complementary to 5′CCCGTGCAT 3′.

The term “contig” denotes a nucleic acid molecule that has a contiguousstretch of identical or complementary sequence to another nucleic acidmolecule. Contiguous sequences are said to “overlap” a given stretch ofa nucleic acid molecule either in their entirety or along a partialstretch of the nucleic acid molecule.

The term “degenerate nucleotide sequence” denotes a sequence ofnucleotides that includes one or more degenerate codons as compared to areference nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide. Degeneratecodons contain different triplets of nucleotides, but encode the sameamino acid residue (i.e., GAU and GAC triplets each encode Asp).

The term “structural gene” refers to a nucleic acid molecule that istranscribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), which is then translated into asequence of amino acids characteristic of a specific polypeptide.

An “isolated nucleic acid molecule” is a nucleic acid molecule that isnot integrated in the genomic DNA of an organism. For example, a DNAmolecule that encodes a growth factor that has been separated from thegenomic DNA of a cell is an isolated DNA molecule. Another example of anisolated nucleic acid molecule is a chemically-synthesized nucleic acidmolecule that is not integrated in the genome of an organism. A nucleicacid molecule that has been isolated from a particular species issmaller than the complete DNA molecule of a chromosome from thatspecies.

A “nucleic acid molecule construct” is a nucleic acid molecule, eithersingle- or double-stranded, that has been modified through humanintervention to contain segments of nucleic acid combined and juxtaposedin an arrangement not existing in nature.

“Linear DNA” denotes non-circular DNA molecules having free 5′ and 3′ends. Linear DNA can be prepared from closed circular DNA molecules,such as plasmids, by enzymatic digestion or physical disruption.

“Complementary DNA (cDNA)” is a single-stranded DNA molecule that isformed from an mRNA template by the enzyme reverse transcriptase.Typically, a primer complementary to portions of mRNA is employed forthe initiation of reverse transcription. Those skilled in the art alsouse the term “cDNA” to refer to a double-stranded DNA moleculeconsisting of such a single-stranded DNA molecule and its complementaryDNA strand. The term “cDNA” also refers to a clone of a cDNA moleculesynthesized from an RNA template.

A “promoter” is a nucleotide sequence that directs the transcription ofa structural gene. Typically, a promoter is located in the 5′ non-codingregion of a gene, proximal to the transcriptional start site of astructural gene. Sequence elements within promoters that function in theinitiation of transcription are often characterized by consensusnucleotide sequences. These promoter elements include RNA polymerasebinding sites, TATA sequences, CAAT sequences, differentiation-specificelements (DSEs; McGehee et al., Mol. Endocrinol. 7:551 (1993)), cyclicAMP response elements (CREs), serum response elements (SREs; Treisman,Seminars in Cancer Biol. 1:47 (1990)), glucocorticoid response elements(GREs), and binding sites for other transcription factors, such asCRE/ATF (O'Reilly et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267:19938 (1992)), AP2 (Ye etal., J. Biol. Chem. 269:25728 (1994)), SP1, cAMP response elementbinding protein (CREB; Loeken, Gene Expr. 3:253 (1993)) and octamerfactors (see, in general, Watson et al., eds., Molecular Biology of theGene, 4th ed. (The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. 1987), andLemaigre and Rousseau, Biochem. J. 303:1 (1994)). If a promoter is aninducible promoter, then the rate of transcription increases in responseto an inducing agent. In contrast, the rate of transcription is notregulated by an inducing agent if the promoter is a constitutivepromoter. Repressible promoters are also known.

A “core promoter” contains essential nucleotide sequences for promoterfunction, including the TATA box and start of transcription. By thisdefinition, a core promoter may or may not have detectable activity inthe absence of specific sequences that may enhance the activity orconfer tissue specific activity.

A “regulatory element” is a nucleotide sequence that modulates theactivity of a core promoter. For example, a regulatory element maycontain a nucleotide sequence that binds with cellular factors enablingtranscription exclusively or preferentially in particular cells,tissues, or organelles. These types of regulatory elements are normallyassociated with genes that are expressed in a “cell-specific,”“tissue-specific,” or “organelle-specific” manner.

An “enhancer” is a type of regulatory element that can increase theefficiency of transcription, regardless of the distance or orientationof the enhancer relative to the start site of transcription.

“Heterologous DNA” refers to a DNA molecule, or a population of DNAmolecules, that does not exist naturally within a given host cell. DNAmolecules heterologous to a particular host cell may contain DNA derivedfrom the host cell species (i.e., endogenous DNA) so long as that hostDNA is combined with non-host DNA (i.e., exogenous DNA). For example, aDNA molecule containing a non-host DNA segment encoding a polypeptideoperably linked to a host DNA segment comprising a transcriptionpromoter is considered to be a heterologous DNA molecule. Conversely, aheterologous DNA molecule can comprise an endogenous gene operablylinked with an exogenous promoter. As another illustration, a DNAmolecule comprising a gene derived from a wild-type cell is consideredto be heterologous DNA if that DNA molecule is introduced into a mutantcell that lacks the wild-type gene.

A “polypeptide” is a polymer of amino acid residues joined by peptidebonds, whether produced naturally or synthetically. Polypeptides of lessthan about 10 amino acid residues are commonly referred to as“peptides.”

A “protein” is a macromolecule comprising one or more polypeptidechains. A protein may also comprise non-peptidic components, such ascarbohydrate groups. Carbohydrates and other non-peptidic substituentsmay be added to a protein by the cell in which the protein is produced,and will vary with the type of cell. Proteins are defined herein interms of their amino acid backbone structures; substituents such ascarbohydrate groups are generally not specified, but may be presentnonetheless.

A peptide or polypeptide encoded by a non-host DNA molecule is a“heterologous” peptide or polypeptide.

An “integrated genetic element” is a segment of DNA that has beenincorporated into a chromosome of a host cell after that element isintroduced into the cell through human manipulation. Within the presentinvention, integrated genetic elements are most commonly derived fromlinearized plasmids that are introduced into the cells byelectroporation or other techniques. Integrated genetic elements arepassed from the original host cell to its progeny.

A “cloning vector” is a nucleic acid molecule, such as a plasmid,cosmid, or bacteriophage, which has the capability of replicatingautonomously in a host cell. Cloning vectors typically contain one or asmall number of restriction endonuclease recognition sites that allowinsertion of a nucleic acid molecule in a determinable fashion withoutloss of an essential biological function of the vector, as well asnucleotide sequences encoding a marker gene that is suitable for use inthe identification and selection of cells transformed with the cloningvector. Marker genes typically include genes that provide tetracyclineresistance or ampicillin resistance.

An “expression vector” is a nucleic acid molecule encoding a gene thatis expressed in a host cell. Typically, an expression vector comprises atranscription promoter, a gene, and a transcription terminator. Geneexpression is usually placed under the control of a promoter, and such agene is said to be “operably linked to” the promoter. Similarly, aregulatory element and a core promoter are operably linked if theregulatory element modulates the activity of the core promoter.

A “recombinant host” is a cell that contains a heterologous nucleic acidmolecule, such as a cloning vector or expression vector. In the presentcontext, an example of a recombinant host is a cell that producesZtnfr12 from an expression vector. In contrast, Ztnfr12 can be producedby a cell that is a “natural source” of Ztnfr12, and that lacks anexpression vector.

“Integrative transformants” are recombinant host cells, in whichheterologous DNA has become integrated into the genomic DNA of thecells.

A “fusion protein” is a hybrid protein expressed by a nucleic acidmolecule comprising nucleotide sequences of at least two genes. Forexample, a Ztnfr12-immunoglobulin fusion protein comprises a Ztnfr12receptor moiety and an immunoglobulin moiety. As used herein, a “Ztnfr12receptor moiety” is a portion of the extracellular domain of the Ztnfr12receptor that binds at least one of ZTNF2 or ZTNF4. The phrase an“immunoglobulin moiety” refers to a polypeptide that comprises aconstant region of an immunoglobulin. For example, the immunoglobulinmoiety can comprise a heavy chain constant region. The term “Ztnfr12-Fc”fusion protein refers to a Ztnfr12-immunoglobulin fusion protein inwhich the immunoglobulin moiety comprises immunoglobulin heavy chainconstant regions, C_(H2) and C.

The term “receptor” denotes a cell-associated protein that binds to abioactive molecule termed a “ligand.” This interaction mediates theeffect of the ligand on the cell. In the context of Ztnfr12 receptorbinding, the phrase “specifically binds” or “specific binding” refers tothe ability of the ligand to competitively bind with the receptor. Forexample, ZTNF4 specifically binds with the Ztnfr12 receptor, and thiscan be shown by observing competition for the Ztnfr12 receptor betweendetectably labeled ZTNF4 and unlabeled ZTNF4.

Receptors can be membrane bound, cytosolic or nuclear; monomeric (e.g.,thyroid stimulating hormone receptor, beta-adrenergic receptor) ormultimeric (e.g., PDGF receptor, growth hormone receptor, IL-3 receptor,GM-CSF receptor, G-CSF receptor, erythropoietin receptor and IL-6receptor). Membrane-bound receptors are characterized by a multi-domainstructure comprising an extracellular ligand-binding domain and anintracellular effector domain that is typically involved in signaltransduction. In certain membrane-bound receptors, the extracellularligand-binding domain and the intracellular effector domain are locatedin separate polypeptides that comprise the complete functional receptor.

In general, the binding of ligand to receptor results in aconformational change in the receptor that causes an interaction betweenthe effector domain and other molecule(s) in the cell, which in turnleads to an alteration in the metabolism of the cell. Metabolic eventsthat are often linked to receptor-ligand interactions include genetranscription, phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, increases in cyclicAMP production, mobilization of cellular calcium, mobilization ofmembrane lipids, cell adhesion, hydrolysis of inositol lipids andhydrolysis of phospholipids.

The term “secretory signal sequence” denotes a DNA sequence that encodesa peptide (a “secretory peptide”) that, as a component of a largerpolypeptide, directs the larger polypeptide through a secretory pathwayof a cell in which it is synthesized. The larger polypeptide is commonlycleaved to remove the secretory peptide during transit through thesecretory pathway.

An “isolated polypeptide” is a polypeptide that is essentially free fromcontaminating cellular components, such as carbohydrate, lipid, or otherproteinaceous impurities associated with the polypeptide in nature.Typically, a preparation of isolated polypeptide contains thepolypeptide in a highly purified form, i.e., at least about 80% pure, atleast about 90% pure, at least about 95% pure, greater than 95% pure, orgreater than 99% pure. One way to show that a particular proteinpreparation contains an isolated polypeptide is by the appearance of asingle band following sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis of the protein preparation and Coomassie Brilliant Bluestaining of the gel. However, the term “isolated” does not exclude thepresence of the same polypeptide in alternative physical forms, such asdimers or alternatively glycosylated or derivatized forms.

The terms “amino-terminal” and “carboxyl-terminal” are used herein todenote positions within polypeptides. Where the context allows, theseterms are used with reference to a particular sequence or portion of apolypeptide to denote proximity or relative position. For example, acertain sequence positioned carboxyl-terminal to a reference sequencewithin a polypeptide is located proximal to the carboxyl terminus of thereference sequence, but is not necessarily at the carboxyl terminus ofthe complete polypeptide.

The term “expression” refers to the biosynthesis of a gene product. Forexample, in the case of a structural gene, expression involvestranscription of the structural gene into mRNA and the translation ofmRNA into one or more polypeptides.

The term “splice variant” is used herein to denote alternative forms ofRNA transcribed from a gene. Splice variation arises naturally throughuse of alternative splicing sites within a transcribed RNA molecule, orless commonly between separately transcribed RNA molecules, and mayresult in several mRNAs transcribed from the same gene. Splice variantsmay encode polypeptides having altered amino acid sequence. The termsplice variant is also used herein to denote a polypeptide encoded by asplice variant of an mRNA transcribed from a gene.

As used herein, the term “immunomodulator” includes cytokines, stem cellgrowth factors, lymphotoxins, co-stimulatory molecules, hematopoieticfactors, and synthetic analogs of these molecules.

The term “complement/anti-complement pair” denotes non-identicalmoieties that form a non-covalently associated, stable pair underappropriate conditions. For instance, biotin and avidin (orstreptavidin) are prototypical members of a complement/anti-complementpair. Other exemplary complement/anti-complement pairs includereceptor/ligand pairs, antibody/antigen (or hapten or epitope) pairs,sense/antisense polynucleotide pairs, and the like. Where subsequentdissociation of the complement/anti-complement pair is desirable, thecomplement/anti-complement pair preferably has a binding affinity ofless than 10⁹ M⁻¹.

An “anti-idiotype antibody” is an antibody that binds with the variableregion domain of an immunoglobulin. In the present context, ananti-idiotype antibody binds with the variable region of an anti-Ztnfr12antibody, and thus, an anti-idiotype antibody mimics an epitope ofZtnfr12.

An “antibody fragment” is a portion of an antibody such as F(ab′)₂,F(ab)₂, Fab′, Fab, and the like. Regardless of structure, an antibodyfragment binds with the same antigen that is recognized by the intactantibody. For example, an anti-Ztnfr12 monoclonal antibody fragmentbinds with an epitope of Ztnfr12.

The term “antibody fragment” also includes a synthetic or a geneticallyengineered polypeptide that binds to a specific antigen, such aspolypeptides consisting of the light chain variable region, “Fv”fragments consisting of the variable regions of the heavy and lightchains, recombinant single chain polypeptide molecules in which lightand heavy variable regions are connected by a peptide linker (“scFvproteins”), and minimal recognition units consisting of the amino acidresidues that mimic the hypervariable region.

A “chimeric antibody” is a recombinant protein that contains thevariable domains and complementary determining regions derived from arodent antibody, while the remainder of the antibody molecule is derivedfrom a human antibody.

“Humanized antibodies” are recombinant proteins in which murinecomplementarity determining regions of a monoclonal antibody have beentransferred from heavy and light variable chains of the murineimmunoglobulin into a human variable domain.

As used herein, a “therapeutic agent” is a molecule or atom, which isconjugated to an antibody moiety to produce a conjugate, which is usefulfor therapy. Examples of therapeutic agents include drugs, toxins,immunomodulators, chelators, boron compounds, photoactive agents ordyes, and radioisotopes.

A “detectable label” is a molecule or atom, which can be conjugated toan antibody moiety to produce a molecule useful for diagnosis. Examplesof detectable labels include chelators, photoactive agents,radioisotopes, fluorescent agents, paramagnetic ions, or other markermoieties.

The term “affinity tag” is used herein to denote a polypeptide segmentthat can be attached to a second polypeptide to provide for purificationor detection of the second polypeptide or provide sites for attachmentof the second polypeptide to a substrate. In principal, any peptide orprotein for which an antibody or other specific binding agent isavailable can be used as an affinity tag. Affinity tags include apoly-histidine tract, protein A (Nilsson et al., EMBO J. 4:1075 (1985);Nilsson et al., Methods Enzymol. 198:3 (1991)), glutathione Stransferase (Smith and Johnson, Gene 67:31 (1988)), Glu-Glu affinity tag(Grussenmeyer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:7952 (1985)),substance P, FLAG peptide (Hopp et al., Biotechnology 6:1204 (1988)),streptavidin binding peptide, or other antigenic epitope or bindingdomain. See, in general, Ford et al., Protein Expression andPurification 2:95 (1991). DNA molecules encoding affinity tags areavailable from commercial suppliers (e.g., Pharmacia Biotech,Piscataway, N.J.).

A “naked antibody” is an entire antibody, as opposed to an antibodyfragment, which is not conjugated with a therapeutic agent. Nakedantibodies include both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, as well ascertain recombinant antibodies, such as chimeric and humanizedantibodies.

As used herein, the term “antibody component” includes both an entireantibody and an antibody fragment.

A “bispecific antibody” has binding sites for two different antigenswithin a single antibody molecule.

A “multispecific antibody composition” comprises antibody componentsthat have binding sites for two different antigens. For example, amultispecific antibody composition can comprise bispecific antibodycomponents, or a multispecific antibody composition can comprise atleast two antibody components that bind with different antigens.

An “immunoconjugate” is a conjugate of an antibody component with atherapeutic agent or a detectable label.

As used herein, the term “antibody fusion protein” refers to arecombinant molecule that comprises an antibody component and a Ztnfr12polypeptide component. Examples of an antibody fusion protein include aprotein that comprises a Ztnfr12 extracellular domain, and either an Fcdomain or an antigen-biding region.

A “target polypeptide” or a “target peptide” is an amino acid sequencethat comprises at least one epitope, and that is expressed on a targetcell, such as a tumor cell, or a cell that carries an infectious agentantigen. T cells recognize peptide epitopes presented by a majorhistocompatibility complex molecule to a target polypeptide or targetpeptide and typically lyse the target cell or recruit other immune cellsto the site of the target cell, thereby killing the target cell.

An “antigenic peptide” is a peptide, which will bind a majorhistocompatibility complex molecule to form an MHC-peptide complex,which is recognized by a T cell, thereby inducing a cytotoxic lymphocyteresponse upon presentation to the T cell. Thus, antigenic peptides arecapable of binding to an appropriate major histocompatibility complexmolecule and inducing a cytotoxic T cells response, such as cell lysisor specific cytokine release against the target cell, which binds orexpresses the antigen. The antigenic peptide can be bound in the contextof a class I or class II major histocompatibility complex molecule, onan antigen presenting cell or on a target cell.

In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II catalyzes the transcription of astructural gene to produce mRNA. A nucleic acid molecule can be designedto contain an RNA polymerase II template in which the RNA transcript hasa sequence that is complementary to that of a specific mRNA. The RNAtranscript is termed an “anti-sense RNA” and a nucleic acid moleculethat encodes the anti-sense RNA is termed an “anti-sense gene.”Anti-sense RNA molecules are capable of binding to mRNA molecules,resulting in an inhibition of mRNA translation.

An “anti-sense oligonucleotide specific for Ztnfr12” or a “Ztnfr12anti-sense oligonucleotide” is an oligonucleotide having a sequence (a)capable of forming a stable triplex with a portion of the Ztnfr12 gene,or (b) capable of forming a stable duplex with a portion of an mRNAtranscript of the Ztnfr12 gene.

A “ribozyme” is a nucleic acid molecule that contains a catalyticcenter. The term includes RNA enzymes, self-splicing RNAs, self-cleavingRNAs, and nucleic acid molecules that perform these catalytic functions.A nucleic acid molecule that encodes a ribozyme is termed a “ribozymegene.”

An “external guide sequence” is a nucleic acid molecule that directs theendogenous ribozyme, RNase P, to a particular species of intracellularmRNA, resulting in the cleavage of the mRNA by RNase P. A nucleic acidmolecule that encodes an external guide sequence is termed an “externalguide sequence gene.”

The term “variant Ztnfr12 gene” refers to nucleic acid molecules thatencode a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that is amodification of SEQ ID NO:2. Such variants include naturally-occurringpolymorphisms of Ztnfr12 genes, as well as synthetic genes that containconservative amino acid substitutions of the amino acid sequence of SEQID NO:2. Additional variant forms of Ztnfr12 genes are nucleic acidmolecules that contain insertions or deletions of the nucleotidesequences described herein. A variant Ztnfr12 gene can be identified,for example, by determining whether the gene hybridizes with a nucleicacid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, or itscomplement, under stringent conditions.

Alternatively, variant Ztnfr12 genes can be identified by sequencecomparison. Two amino acid sequences have “100% amino acid sequenceidentity” if the amino acid residues of the two amino acid sequences arethe same when aligned for maximal correspondence. Similarly, twonucleotide sequences have “100% nucleotide sequence identity” if thenucleotide residues of the two nucleotide sequences are the same whenaligned for maximal correspondence. Sequence comparisons can beperformed using standard software programs such as those included in theLASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite, which is produced by DNASTAR(Madison, Wis.). Other methods for comparing two nucleotide or aminoacid sequences by determining optimal alignment are well-known to thoseof skill in the art (see, for example, Peruski and Peruski, The Internetand the New Biology Tools for Genomic and Molecular Research (ASM Press,Inc. 1997), Wu et al. (eds.), “Information Superhighway and ComputerDatabases of Nucleic Acids and Proteins,” in Methods in GeneBiotechnology, pages 123-151 (CRC Press, Inc. 1997), and Bishop (ed.),Guide to Human Genome Computing, 2nd Edition (Academic Press, Inc.1998)). Particular methods for determining sequence identity aredescribed below.

A variant Ztnfr12 gene or variant Ztnfr12 polypeptide, a variant gene orpolypeptide encoded by a variant gene may be functionally characterizedby at least one of: the ability to bind specifically to an anti-Ztnfr12antibody, the ability to specifically bind ZTNF4, and the ability tospecifically bind ZTNF4, but not ZTNF2.

The term “allelic variant” is used herein to denote any of two or morealternative forms of a gene occupying the same chromosomal locus.Allelic variation arises naturally through mutation, and may result inphenotypic polymorphism within populations. Gene mutations can be silent(no change in the encoded polypeptide) or may encode polypeptides havingaltered amino acid sequence. The term allelic variant is also usedherein to denote a protein encoded by an allelic variant of a gene.

The term “ortholog” denotes a polypeptide or protein obtained from onespecies that is the functional counterpart of a polypeptide or proteinfrom a different species. Sequence differences among orthologs are theresult of speciation.

“Paralogs” are distinct but structurally related proteins made by anorganism. Paralogs are believed to arise through gene duplication. Forexample, α-globin, β-globin, and myoglobin are paralogs of each other.

The present invention includes functional fragments of Ztnfr12 genes.Within the context of this invention, a “functional fragment” of aZtnfr12 gene refers to a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a portion ofa Ztnfr12 polypeptide, which is a domain described herein, or can becharacterized by at least one of: the ability to bind specifically to ananti-Ztnfr12 antibody, the ability to specifically bind ZTNF4, and theability to specifically bind ZTNF4, but not ZTNF2.

Due to the imprecision of standard analytical methods, molecular weightsand lengths of polymers are understood to be approximate values. Whensuch a value is expressed as “about” X or “approximately” X, the statedvalue of X will be understood to be accurate to ±10%.

3. Production of Nucleic Acid Molecules Encoding Ztnfr12

Nucleic acid molecules encoding a human Ztnfr12 gene can be obtained byscreening a human cDNA or genomic library using polynucleotide probesbased upon SEQ ID NOs:1 or 9. These techniques are standard andwell-established.

As an illustration, a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a human Ztnfr12gene can be isolated from a cDNA library. In this case, the first stepwould be to prepare the cDNA library by isolating RNA from, for example,germinal center B-cells or lymph node tissue, using methods well-knownto those of skill in the art. In general, RNA isolation techniques mustprovide a method for breaking cells, a means of inhibitingRNase-directed degradation of RNA, and a method of separating RNA fromDNA, protein, and polysaccharide contaminants. For example, total RNAcan be isolated by freezing tissue in liquid nitrogen, grinding thefrozen tissue with a mortar and pestle to lyse the cells, extracting theground tissue with a solution of phenol/chloroform to remove proteins,and separating RNA from the remaining impurities by selectiveprecipitation with lithium chloride (see, for example, Ausubel et al.(eds.), Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 3^(rd) Edition, pages 4-1to 4-6 (John Wiley & Sons 1995) [“Ausubel (1995)”]; Wu et al., Methodsin Gene Biotechnology, pages 33-41 (CRC Press, Inc. 1997) [“Wu(1997)”]).

Alternatively, total RNA can be isolated by extracting ground tissuewith guanidinium isothiocyanate, extracting with organic solvents, andseparating RNA from contaminants using differential centrifugation (see,for example, Chirgwin et al., Biochemistry 18:52 (1979); Ausubel (1995)at pages 4-1 to 4-6; Wu (1997) at pages 33-41).

In order to construct a cDNA library, poly(A)⁺ RNA must be isolated froma total RNA preparation. Poly(A)⁺ RNA can be isolated from total RNAusing the standard technique of oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography (see,for example, Aviv and Leder, Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 69:1408 (1972);Ausubel (1995) at pages 4-11 to 4-12).

Double-stranded cDNA molecules are synthesized from poly(A)⁺ RNA usingtechniques well-known to those in the art. (see, for example, Wu (1997)at pages 41-46). Moreover, commercially available kits can be used tosynthesize double-stranded cDNA molecules. For example, such kits areavailable from Life Technologies, Inc. (Gaithersburg, Md.), CLONTECHLaboratories, Inc. (Palo Alto, Calif.), Promega Corporation (Madison,Wis.) and STRATAGENE (La Jolla, Calif.).

Various cloning vectors are appropriate for the construction of a cDNAlibrary. For example, a cDNA library can be prepared in a vector derivedfrom bacteriophage, such as a λgt10 vector. See, for example, Huynh etal., “Constructing and Screening cDNA Libraries in λgt10 and λ gt11,” inDNA Cloning: A Practical Approach Vol. I, Glover (ed.), page 49 (IRLPress, 1985); Wu (1997) at pages 47-52.

Alternatively, double-stranded cDNA molecules can be inserted into aplasmid vector, such as a PBLUESCRIPT vector (STRATAGENE; La Jolla,Calif.), a LAMDAGEM-4 (Promega Corp.) or other commercially availablevectors. Suitable cloning vectors also can be obtained from the AmericanType Culture Collection (Manassas, Va.).

To amplify the cloned cDNA molecules, the cDNA library is inserted intoa prokaryotic host, using standard techniques. For example, a cDNAlibrary can be introduced into competent E. coli DH5 cells, which can beobtained, for example, from Life Technologies, Inc. (Gaithersburg, Md.).

A human genomic library can be prepared by means well-known in the art(see, for example, Ausubel (1995) at pages 5-1 to 5-6; Wu (1997) atpages 307-327). Genomic DNA can be isolated by lysing tissue with thedetergent Sarkosyl, digesting the lysate with proteinase K, clearinginsoluble debris from the lysate by centrifugation, precipitatingnucleic acid from the lysate using isopropanol, and purifyingresuspended DNA on a cesium chloride density gradient.

DNA fragments that are suitable for the production of a genomic librarycan be obtained by the random shearing of genomic DNA or by the partialdigestion of genomic DNA with restriction endonucleases. Genomic DNAfragments can be inserted into a vector, such as a bacteriophage orcosmid vector, in accordance with conventional techniques, such as theuse of restriction enzyme digestion to provide appropriate termini, theuse of alkaline phosphatase treatment to avoid undesirable joining ofDNA molecules, and ligation with appropriate ligases. Techniques forsuch manipulation are well-known in the art (see, for example, Ausubel(1995) at pages 5-1 to 5-6; Wu (1997) at pages 307-327).

Alternatively, human genomic libraries can be obtained from commercialsources such as ResGen (Huntsville, Ala.) and the American Type CultureCollection (Manassas, Va.).

A library containing cDNA or genomic clones can be screened with one ormore polynucleotide probes based upon SEQ ID NO:1, using standardmethods (see, for example, Ausubel (1995) at pages 6-1 to 6-11).

Nucleic acid molecules that encode a human Ztnfr12 gene can also beobtained using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with oligonucleotideprimers having nucleotide sequences that are based upon the nucleotidesequences of the Ztnfr12 gene, as described herein. General methods forscreening libraries with PCR are provided by, for example, Yu et al.,“Use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction to Screen Phage Libraries,” inMethods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 15: PCR Protocols: Current Methodsand Applications, White (ed.), pages 211-215 (Humana Press, Inc. 1993).Moreover, techniques for using PCR to isolate related genes aredescribed by, for example, Preston, “Use of Degenerate OligonucleotidePrimers and the Polymerase Chain Reaction to Clone Gene Family Members,”in Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 15: PCR Protocols: Current Methodsand Applications, White (ed.), pages 317-337 (Humana Press, Inc. 1993).

Anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies, produced as described below, can also be usedto isolate DNA sequences that encode human Ztnfr12 genes from cDNAlibraries. For example, the antibodies can be used to screen λgt11expression libraries, or the antibodies can be used for immunoscreeningfollowing hybrid selection and translation (see, for example, Ausubel(1995) at pages 6-12 to 6-16; Margolis et al., “Screening λ expressionlibraries with antibody and protein probes,” in DNA Cloning 2:Expression Systems, 2nd Edition, Glover et al. (eds.), pages 1-14(Oxford University Press 1995)).

As an alternative, a Ztnfr12 gene can be obtained by synthesizingnucleic acid molecules using mutually priming long oligonucleotides andthe nucleotide sequences described herein (see, for example, Ausubel(1995) at pages 8-8 to 8-9). Established techniques using the polymerasechain reaction provide the ability to synthesize DNA molecules at leasttwo kilobases in length (Adang et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 21:1131(1993), Bambot et al., PCR Methods and Applications 2:266 (1993), Dillonet al., “Use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Rapid Constructionof Synthetic Genes,” in Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 15: PCRProtocols: Current Methods and Applications, White (ed.), pages 263-268,(Humana Press, Inc. 1993), and Holowachuk et al., PCR Methods Appl.4:299 (1995)).

The nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can also besynthesized with “gene machines” using protocols such as thephosphoramidite method. If chemically-synthesized double stranded DNA isrequired for an application such as the synthesis of a gene or a genefragment, then each complementary strand is made separately. Theproduction of short genes (60 to 80 base pairs) is technicallystraightforward and can be accomplished by synthesizing thecomplementary strands and then annealing them. For the production oflonger genes (>300 base pairs), however, special strategies may berequired, because the coupling efficiency of each cycle during chemicalDNA synthesis is seldom 100%. To overcome this problem, synthetic genes(double-stranded) are assembled in modular form from single-strandedfragments that are from 20 to 100 nucleotides in length. For reviews onpolynucleotide synthesis, see, for example, Glick and Pasternak,Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA(ASM Press 1994), Itakura et al., Annu. Rev. Biochem. 53:323 (1984), andClimie et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 87:633 (1990).

The sequence of a Ztnfr12 cDNA or Ztnfr12 genomic fragment can bedetermined using standard methods. Ztnfr12 polynucleotide sequencesdisclosed herein can also be used as probes or primers to clone 5′non-coding regions of a Ztnfr12 gene. Promoter elements from a Ztnfr12gene can be used to direct the expression of heterologous genes in lymphnode tissue, for example, transgenic animals or patients treated withgene therapy. Such a promoter element can be provided by a fragmentconsisting of 50, 100, 200, 400, or 600 nucleotides of nucleotides 1 to1000 of SEQ ID NO:9. Alternatively, a Ztnfr12 gene promoter may beprovided by nucleotides 1 to 1000 of SEQ ID NO:9. The identification ofgenomic fragments containing a Ztnfr12 promoter or regulatory elementcan be achieved using well-established techniques, such as deletionanalysis (see, generally, Ausubel (1995)).

Cloning of 5′ flanking sequences also facilitates production of Ztnfr12proteins by “gene activation,” as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,670.Briefly, expression of an endogenous Ztnfr12 gene in a cell is alteredby introducing into the Ztnfr12 locus a DNA construct comprising atleast a targeting sequence, a regulatory sequence, an exon, and anunpaired splice donor site. The targeting sequence is a Ztnfr12 5′non-coding sequence that permits homologous recombination of theconstruct with the endogenous Ztnfr12 locus, whereby the sequenceswithin the construct become operably linked with the endogenous Ztnfr12coding sequence. In this way, an endogenous Ztnfr12 promoter can bereplaced or supplemented with other regulatory sequences to provideenhanced, tissue-specific, or otherwise regulated expression.

4. Production of Ztnfr12 Variants

The present invention provides a variety of nucleic acid molecules,including DNA and RNA molecules, which encode the Ztnfr12 polypeptidesdisclosed herein. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize that,in view of the degeneracy of the genetic code, considerable sequencevariation is possible among these polynucleotide molecules. SEQ ID NO:3is a degenerate nucleotide sequence that encompasses all nucleic acidmolecules that encode the Ztnfr12 polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2. Thoseskilled in the art will recognize that the degenerate sequence of SEQ IDNO:3 also provides all RNA sequences encoding SEQ ID NO:2, bysubstituting U for T. Thus, the present invention contemplates Ztnfr12polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecules comprising nucleotide 27 tonucleotide 578 of SEQ ID NO:1, and their RNA equivalents.

Table 2 sets forth the one-letter codes used within SEQ ID NO:3 todenote degenerate nucleotide positions. “Resolutions” are thenucleotides denoted by a code letter. “Complement” indicates the codefor the complementary nucleotide(s). For example, the code Y denoteseither C or T, and its complement R denotes A or G, A beingcomplementary to T, and G being complementary to C.

TABLE 2 Nucleotide Resolution Complement Resolution A A T T C C G G G GC C T T A A R A|G Y C|T Y C|T R A|G M A|C K G|T K G|T M A|C S C|G S C|GW A|T W A|T H A|C|T D A|G|T B C|G|T V A|C|G V A|C|G B C|G|T D A|G|T HA|C|T N A|C|G|T N A|C|G|T

The degenerate codons used in SEQ ID NO:3, encompassing all possiblecodons for a given amino acid, are set forth in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Amino One Letter Degenerate Acid Code Codons Codon Cys C TGC TGTTGY Ser S AGC AGT TCA TCC TCG TCT WSN Thr T ACA ACC ACG ACT ACN Pro PCCA CCC CCG CCT CCN Ala A GCA GCC GCG GCT GCN Gly G GGA GGC GGG GGT GGNAsn N AAC AAT AAY Asp D GAC GAT GAY Glu E GAA GAG GAR Gln Q CAA CAG CARHis H CAC CAT CAY Arg R AGA AGG CGA CGC CGG CGT MGN Lys K AAA AAG AARMet M ATG ATG Ile I ATA ATC ATT ATH Leu L CTA CTC CTG CTT TTA TTG YTNVal V GTA GTC GTG GTT GTN Phe F TTC TTT TTY Tyr Y TAC TAT TAY Trp W TGGTGG Ter — TAA TAG TGA TRR Asn|Asp B RAY Glu|Gln Z SAR Any X NNN

One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that some ambiguity isintroduced in determining a degenerate codon, representative of allpossible codons encoding an amino acid. For example, the degeneratecodon for serine (WSN) can, in some circumstances, encode arginine(AGR), and the degenerate codon for arginine (MGN) can, in somecircumstances, encode serine (AGY). A similar relationship existsbetween codons encoding phenylalanine and leucine. Thus, somepolynucleotides encompassed by the degenerate sequence may encodevariant amino acid sequences, but one of ordinary skill in the art caneasily identify such variant sequences by reference to the amino acidsequences of SEQ ID NO:2. Variant sequences can be readily tested forfunctionality as described herein.

Different species can exhibit “preferential codon usage.” In general,see, Grantham et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 8:1893 (1980), Haas et al. Curr.Biol. 6:315 (1996), Wain-Hobson et al., Gene 13:355 (1981), Grosjean andFiers, Gene 18:199 (1982), Holm, Nuc. Acids Res. 14:3075 (1986),Ikemura, J. Mol. Biol. 158:573 (1982), Sharp and Matassi, Curr. Opin.Genet. Dev. 4:851 (1994), Kane, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 6:494 (1995),and Makrides, Microbiol. Rev. 60:512 (1996). As used herein, the term“preferential codon usage” or “preferential codons” is a term of artreferring to protein translation codons that are most frequently used incells of a certain species, thus favoring one or a few representativesof the possible codons encoding each amino acid (See Table 3). Forexample, the amino acid threonine (Thr) may be encoded by ACA, ACC, ACG,or ACT, but in mammalian cells ACC is the most commonly used codon; inother species, for example, insect cells, yeast, viruses or bacteria,different Thr codons may be preferential. Preferential codons for aparticular species can be introduced into the polynucleotides of thepresent invention by a variety of methods known in the art. Introductionof preferential codon sequences into recombinant DNA can, for example,enhance production of the protein by making protein translation moreefficient within a particular cell type or species. Therefore, thedegenerate codon sequences disclosed herein serve as a template foroptimizing expression of polynucleotides in various cell types andspecies commonly used in the art and disclosed herein. Sequencescontaining preferential codons can be tested and optimized forexpression in various species, and tested for functionality as disclosedherein.

The present invention further provides variant polypeptides and nucleicacid molecules that represent counterparts from other species(orthologs). These species include, but are not limited to mammalian,avian, amphibian, reptile, fish, insect and other vertebrate andinvertebrate species. As an illustration, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13,and SEQ ID NO:14 provide the nucleotide, amino acid, and degeneratenucleotide sequences, respectively, of murine Ztnfr12. Features of themurine Ztnfr12 polypeptide include an extracellular domain at amino acidresidues 1 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:13, a transmembrane domain at amino acidresidues 70 to 96 of SEQ ID NO:13, an intracellular domain at amino acidresidues 97 to 175 of SEQ ID NO:13, and a cys-rich region at amino acidresidues 21 to 138 of SEQ ID NO:13.

Of particular interest are Ztnfr12 polypeptides from other mammalianspecies, including mouse, porcine, ovine, bovine, canine, feline,equine, and other primate polypeptides. Orthologs of human Ztnfr12 canbe cloned using information and compositions provided by the presentinvention in combination with conventional cloning techniques. Forexample, a Ztnfr12 cDNA can be cloned using mRNA obtained from a tissueor cell type that expresses Ztnfr12 as disclosed herein. Suitablesources of mRNA can be identified by probing northern blots with probesdesigned from the sequences disclosed herein. A library is then preparedfrom mRNA of a positive tissue or cell line.

A Ztnfr12-encoding cDNA can be isolated by a variety of methods, such asby probing with a complete or partial human cDNA or with one or moresets of degenerate probes based on the disclosed sequences. A cDNA canalso be cloned using the polymerase chain reaction with primers designedfrom the representative human Ztnfr12 sequences disclosed herein. Inaddition, a cDNA library can be used to transform or transfect hostcells, and expression of the cDNA of interest can be detected with anantibody to Ztnfr12 polypeptide.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that the sequence disclosed inSEQ ID NO:1 represents a single allele of human Ztnfr12, and thatallelic variation and alternative splicing are expected to occur.Allelic variants of this sequence can be cloned by probing cDNA orgenomic libraries from different individuals according to standardprocedures. Allelic variants of the nucleotide sequences disclosedherein, including those containing silent mutations and those in whichmutations result in amino acid sequence changes, are within the scope ofthe present invention, as are proteins which are allelic variants of theamino acid sequences disclosed herein. cDNA molecules generated fromalternatively spliced mRNAs, which retain the properties of the Ztnfr12polypeptide are included within the scope of the present invention, asare polypeptides encoded by such cDNAs and mRNAs. Allelic variants andsplice variants of these sequences can be cloned by probing cDNA orgenomic libraries from different individuals or tissues according tostandard procedures known in the art.

Within certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated nucleic acidmolecules can hybridize under stringent conditions to nucleic acidmolecules comprising nucleotide sequences disclosed herein. For example,such nucleic acid molecules can hybridize under stringent conditions tonucleic acid molecules comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ IDNO:1, to nucleic acid molecules consisting of the nucleotide sequence ofnucleotides 27 to 578 of SEQ ID NO:1, or to nucleic acid moleculescomprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to SEQ ID NO:1, ornucleotides 27 to 578 of SEQ ID NO:1. In general, stringent conditionsare selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point(T_(m)) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH.The T_(m) is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) atwhich 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matchedprobe.

A pair of nucleic acid molecules, such as DNA-DNA, RNA-RNA and DNA-RNA,can hybridize if the nucleotide sequences have some degree ofcomplementarity. Hybrids can tolerate mismatched base pairs in thedouble helix, but the stability of the hybrid is influenced by thedegree of mismatch. The T_(m) of the mismatched hybrid decreases by 1°C. for every 1-1.5% base pair mismatch. Varying the stringency of thehybridization conditions allows control over the degree of mismatch thatwill be present in the hybrid. The degree of stringency increases as thehybridization temperature increases and the ionic strength of thehybridization buffer decreases. Stringent hybridization conditionsencompass temperatures of about 5-25° C. below the T_(m) of the hybridand a hybridization buffer having up to 1 M Na⁺. Higher degrees ofstringency at lower temperatures can be achieved with the addition offormamide which reduces the T_(m) of the hybrid about 1° C. for each 1%formamide in the buffer solution. Generally, such stringent conditionsinclude temperatures of 20-70° C. and a hybridization buffer containingup to 6×SSC and O-50% formamide. A higher degree of stringency can beachieved at temperatures of from 40-70° C. with a hybridization bufferhaving up to 4×SSC and from 0-50% formamide. Highly stringent conditionstypically encompass temperatures of 42-70° C. with a hybridizationbuffer having up to 1×SSC and O-50% formamide. Different degrees ofstringency can be used during hybridization and washing to achievemaximum specific binding to the target sequence. Typically, the washesfollowing hybridization are performed at increasing degrees ofstringency to remove non-hybridized polynucleotide probes fromhybridized complexes.

The above conditions are meant to serve as a guide and it is well withinthe abilities of one skilled in the art to adapt these conditions foruse with a particular polypeptide hybrid. The T_(m) for a specifictarget sequence is the temperature (under defined conditions) at which50% of the target sequence will hybridize to a perfectly matched probesequence. Conditions that influence the T_(m) include, the size and basepair content of the polynucleotide probe, the ionic strength of thehybridization solution, and the presence of destabilizing agents in thehybridization solution. Numerous equations for calculating T_(m) areknown in the art, and are specific for DNA, RNA and DNA-RNA hybrids andpolynucleotide probe sequences of varying length (see, for example,Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition(Cold Spring Harbor Press 1989); Ausubel et al., (eds.), CurrentProtocols in Molecular Biology (John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1987); Bergerand Kimmel (eds.), Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques, (AcademicPress, Inc. 1987); and Wetmur, Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 26:227(1990)). Sequence analysis software such as OLIGO 6.0 (LSR; Long Lake,Minn.) and Primer Premier 4.0 (Premier Biosoft International; Palo Alto,Calif.), as well as sites on the Internet, are available tools foranalyzing a given sequence and calculating T_(m) based on user definedcriteria. Such programs can also analyze a given sequence under definedconditions and identify suitable probe sequences. Typically,hybridization of longer polynucleotide sequences, >50 base pairs, isperformed at temperatures of about 20-25° C. below the calculated T_(m).For smaller probes, <50 base pairs, hybridization is typically carriedout at the T_(m) or 5-10° C. below. This allows for the maximum rate ofhybridization for DNA-DNA and DNA-RNA hybrids.

The length of the polynucleotide sequence influences the rate andstability of hybrid formation. Smaller probe sequences, <50 base pairs,reach equilibrium with complementary sequences rapidly, but may formless stable hybrids. Incubation times of anywhere from minutes to hourscan be used to achieve hybrid formation. Longer probe sequences come toequilibrium more slowly, but form more stable complexes even at lowertemperatures. Incubations are allowed to proceed overnight or longer.Generally, incubations are carried out for a period equal to three timesthe calculated Cot time. Cot time, the time it takes for thepolynucleotide sequences to reassociate, can be calculated for aparticular sequence by methods known in the art.

The base pair composition of polynucleotide sequence will effect thethermal stability of the hybrid complex, thereby influencing the choiceof hybridization temperature and the ionic strength of the hybridizationbuffer. A-T pairs are less stable than G-C pairs in aqueous solutionscontaining sodium chloride. Therefore, the higher the G-C content, themore stable the hybrid. Even distribution of G and C residues within thesequence also contribute positively to hybrid stability. In addition,the base pair composition can be manipulated to alter the T_(m) of agiven sequence. For example, 5-methyldeoxycytidine can be substitutedfor deoxycytidine and 5-bromodeoxuridine can be substituted forthymidine to increase the T_(m), whereas 7-deazz-2′-deoxyguanosine canbe substituted for guanosine to reduce dependence on T_(m).

The ionic concentration of the hybridization buffer also affects thestability of the hybrid. Hybridization buffers generally containblocking agents such as Denhardt's solution (Sigma Chemical Co., St.Louis, Mo.), denatured salmon sperm DNA, tRNA, milk powders (BLOTTO),heparin or SDS, and a Na⁺ source, such as SSC (1×SSC: 0.15 M sodiumchloride, 15 mM sodium citrate) or SSPE (1×SSPE: 1.8 M NaCl, 10 mMNaH₂PO₄, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.7). Typically, hybridization buffers containfrom between 10 mM-1 M Na⁺. The addition of destabilizing or denaturingagents such as formamide, tetralkylammonium salts, guanidinium cationsor thiocyanate cations to the hybridization solution will alter theT_(m) of a hybrid. Typically, formamide is used at a concentration of upto 50% to allow incubations to be carried out at more convenient andlower temperatures. Formamide also acts to reduce non-specificbackground when using RNA probes.

As an illustration, a nucleic acid molecule encoding a variant Ztnfr12polypeptide can be hybridized with a nucleic acid molecule having thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 (or its complement) at 42° C.overnight in a solution comprising 50% formamide, 5×SSC, 50 mM sodiumphosphate (pH 7.6), 5×Denhardt's solution (100×Denhardt's solution: 2%(w/v) Ficoll 400, 2% (w/v) polyvinylpyrrolidone, and 2% (w/v) bovineserum albumin), 10% dextran sulfate, and 20 μg/ml denatured, shearedsalmon sperm DNA. One of skill in the art can devise variations of thesehybridization conditions. For example, the hybridization mixture can beincubated at a higher temperature, such as about 65° C., in a solutionthat does not contain formamide. Moreover, premixed hybridizationsolutions are available (e.g., EXPRESSHYB Hybridization Solution fromCLONTECH Laboratories, Inc.), and hybridization can be performedaccording to the manufacturer's instructions.

Following hybridization, the nucleic acid molecules can be washed toremove non-hybridized nucleic acid molecules under stringent conditions,or under highly stringent conditions. Typical stringent washingconditions include washing in a solution of 0.5×-2×SSC with 0.1% sodiumdodecyl sulfate (SDS) at 55-65° C. As an illustration, nucleic acidmolecules encoding a variant Ztnfr12 polypeptide remain hybridized witha nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence ofnucleotides 27 to 578 of SEQ ID NO:1 (or its complement) followingstringent washing conditions, in which the wash stringency is equivalentto 0.5×-2×SSC with 0.1% SDS at 55-65° C., including 0.5×SSC with 0.1%SDS at 55° C., or 2×SSC with 0.1% SDS at 65° C. One of skill in the artcan readily devise equivalent conditions, for example, by substitutingSSPE for SSC in the wash solution.

Typical highly stringent washing conditions include washing in asolution of 0.1×-0.2×SSC with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at50-65° C. For example, nucleic acid molecules encoding a variant Ztnfr12polypeptide remain hybridized with a nucleic acid molecule comprisingthe nucleotide sequence of nucleotides 27 to 578 of SEQ ID NO:1 (or itscomplement) following highly stringent washing conditions, in which thewash stringency is equivalent to 0.1×-0.2×SSC with 0.1% SDS at 50-65°C., including 0.1×SSC with 0.1% SDS at 50° C., or 0.2×SSC with 0.1% SDSat 65° C.

The present invention also provides isolated Ztnfr12 polypeptides thathave a substantially similar sequence identity to the polypeptide of SEQID NO:2, or its orthologs. The term “substantially similar sequenceidentity” is used herein to denote polypeptides having at least 70%, atleast 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or greater than 95% sequenceidentity to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:2, or orthologs.

The present invention also contemplates Ztnfr12 variant nucleic acidmolecules that can be identified using two criteria: a determination ofthe similarity between the encoded polypeptide with the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:2, and a hybridization assay, as described above.Such Ztnfr12 variants include nucleic acid molecules (1) that remainhybridized with a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotidesequence of nucleotides 27 to 578 of SEQ ID NO:1 (or its complement)following stringent washing conditions, in which the wash stringency isequivalent to 0.5×-2×SSC with 0.1% SDS at 55-65° C., and (2) that encodea polypeptide having at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least95% or greater than 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO:2. Alternatively, Ztnfr12 variants can be characterized asnucleic acid molecules (1) that remain hybridized with a nucleic acidmolecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of nucleotides 27 to 578 ofSEQ ID NO:1 (or its complement) following highly stringent washingconditions, in which the wash stringency is equivalent to 0.1×-0.2×SSCwith 0.1% SDS at 50-65° C., and (2) that encode a polypeptide having atleast 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or greater than 95%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

Percent sequence identity is determined by conventional methods. See,for example, Altschul et al., Bull. Math. Bio. 48:603 (1986), andHenikoff and Henikoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915 (1992).Briefly, two amino acid sequences are aligned to optimize the alignmentscores using a gap opening penalty of 10, a gap extension penalty of 1,and the “BLOSUM62” scoring matrix of Henikoff and Henikoff (ibid.) asshown in Table 4 (amino acids are indicated by the standard one-lettercodes). The percent identity is then calculated as: ([Total number ofidentical matches]/[length of the longer sequence plus the number ofgaps introduced into the longer sequence in order to align the twosequences])(100).

TABLE 4 A R N D C Q E G H I L K M F P S T W Y V A 4 R −1 5 N −2 0 6 D −2−2 1 6 C 0 −3 −3 −3 9 Q −1 1 0 0 −3 5 E −1 0 0 2 −4 2 5 G 0 −2 0 −1 −3−2 −2 6 H −2 0 1 −1 −3 0 0 −2 8 I −1 −3 −3 −3 −1 −3 −3 −4 −3 4 L −1 −2−3 −4 −1 −2 −3 −4 −3 2 4 K −1 2 0 −1 −3 1 1 −2 −1 −3 −2 5 M −1 −1 −2 −3−1 0 −2 −3 −2 1 2 −1 5 F −2 −3 −3 −3 −2 −3 −3 −3 −1 0 0 −3 0 6 P −1 −2−2 −1 −3 −1 −1 −2 −2 −3 −3 −1 −2 −4 7 S 1 −1 1 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 −2 −2 0 −1−2 −1 4 T 0 −1 0 −1 −1 −1 −1 −2 −2 −1 −1 −1 −1 −2 −1 1 5 W −3 −3 −4 −4−2 −2 −3 −2 −2 −3 −2 −3 −1 1 −4 −3 −2 11 Y −2 −2 −2 −3 −2 −1 −2 −3 2 −1−1 −2 −1 3 −3 −2 −2 2 7 V 0 −3 −3 −3 −1 −2 −2 −3 −3 3 1 −2 1 −1 −2 −2 0−3 −1 4

Those skilled in the art appreciate that there are many establishedalgorithms available to align two amino acid sequences. The “FASTA”similarity search algorithm of Pearson and Lipman is a suitable proteinalignment method for examining the level of identity shared by an aminoacid sequence disclosed herein and the amino acid sequence of a putativeZtnfr12 variant. The FASTA algorithm is described by Pearson and Lipman,Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444 (1988), and by Pearson, Meth.Enzymol. 183:63 (1990). Briefly, FASTA first characterizes sequencesimilarity by identifying regions shared by the query sequence (e.g.,SEQ ID NO:2) and a test sequence that have either the highest density ofidentities (if the ktup variable is 1) or pairs of identities (ifktup=2), without considering conservative amino acid substitutions,insertions, or deletions. The ten regions with the highest density ofidentities are then rescored by comparing the similarity of all pairedamino acids using an amino acid substitution matrix, and the ends of theregions are “trimmed” to include only those residues that contribute tothe highest score. If there are several regions with scores greater thanthe “cutoff” value (calculated by a predetermined formula based upon thelength of the sequence and the ktup value), then the trimmed initialregions are examined to determine whether the regions can be joined toform an approximate alignment with gaps. Finally, the highest scoringregions of the two amino acid sequences are aligned using a modificationof the Needleman-Wunsch-Sellers algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch, J. Mol.Biol. 48:444 (1970); Sellers, SIAM J. Appl. Math. 26:787 (1974)), whichallows for amino acid insertions and deletions. Illustrative parametersfor FASTA analysis are: ktup=1, gap opening penalty=10, gap extensionpenalty=1, and substitution matrix=BLOSUM62. These parameters can beintroduced into a FASTA program by modifying the scoring matrix file(“SMATRIX”), as explained in Appendix 2 of Pearson, Meth. Enzymol.183:63 (1990).

FASTA can also be used to determine the sequence identity of nucleicacid molecules using a ratio as disclosed above. For nucleotide sequencecomparisons, the ktup value can range between one to six, preferablyfrom three to six, most preferably three, with other parameters set asdescribed above.

The present invention includes nucleic acid molecules that encode apolypeptide having a conservative amino acid change, compared with anamino acid sequence disclosed herein. For example, variants can beobtained that contain one or more amino acid substitutions of SEQ IDNO:2, in which an alkyl amino acid is substituted for an alkyl aminoacid in a Ztnfr12 amino acid sequence, an aromatic amino acid issubstituted for an aromatic amino acid in a Ztnfr12 amino acid sequence,a sulfur-containing amino acid is substituted for a sulfur-containingamino acid in a Ztnfr12 amino acid sequence, a hydroxy-containing aminoacid is substituted for a hydroxy-containing amino acid in a Ztnfr12amino acid sequence, an acidic amino acid is substituted for an acidicamino acid in a Ztnfr12 amino acid sequence, a basic amino acid issubstituted for a basic amino acid in a Ztnfr12 amino acid sequence, ora dibasic monocarboxylic amino acid is substituted for a dibasicmonocarboxylic amino acid in a Ztnfr12 amino acid sequence. Among thecommon amino acids, for example, a “conservative amino acidsubstitution” is illustrated by a substitution among amino acids withineach of the following groups: (1) glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, andisoleucine, (2) phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, (3) serine andthreonine, (4) aspartate and glutamate, (5) glutamine and asparagine,and (6) lysine, arginine and histidine.

The BLOSUM62 table is an amino acid substitution matrix derived fromabout 2,000 local multiple alignments of protein sequence segments,representing highly conserved regions of more than 500 groups of relatedproteins (Henikoff and Henikoff, Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915(1992)). Accordingly, the BLOSUM62 substitution frequencies can be usedto define conservative amino acid substitutions that may be introducedinto the amino acid sequences of the present invention. Although it ispossible to design amino acid substitutions based solely upon chemicalproperties (as discussed above), the language “conservative amino acidsubstitution” preferably refers to a substitution represented by aBLOSUM62 value of greater than −1. For example, an amino acidsubstitution is conservative if the substitution is characterized by aBLOSUM62 value of 0, 1, 2, or 3. According to this system, preferredconservative amino acid substitutions are characterized by a BLOSUM62value of at least 1 (e.g., 1, 2 or 3), while more preferred conservativeamino acid substitutions are characterized by a BLOSUM62 value of atleast 2 (e.g., 2 or 3).

Certain conservative amino acid substitutions can be identified byaligning human and murine Ztnfr12 amino acid sequences. For example, analignment indicates the following amino acid substitutions in the humanZtnfr12 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2: Ala¹⁵ to Val¹⁵, Arg³⁹ toHis³⁹, and Ala⁷¹ to Leu⁷¹. Such an alignment identifies otherconservative amino acid substitutions of the human Ztnfr12 amino acidsequence, or conservative amino acid substitutions of the murine Ztnfr12amino acid sequence.

Particular variants of Ztnfr12 are characterized by having at least 70%,at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or greater than 95% sequenceidentity to the corresponding amino acid sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO:2),wherein the variation in amino acid sequence is due to one or moreconservative amino acid substitutions.

Conservative amino acid changes in a Ztnfr12 gene can be introduced, forexample, by substituting nucleotides for the nucleotides recited in SEQID NO:1. Such “conservative amino acid” variants can be obtained byoligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, linker-scanning mutagenesis,mutagenesis using the polymerase chain reaction, and the like (seeAusubel (1995) at pages 8-10 to 8-22; and McPherson (ed.), DirectedMutagenesis: A Practical Approach (IRL Press 1991)). A variant Ztnfr12polypeptide can be identified by the ability to specifically bindanti-Ztnfr12 antibodies.

The proteins of the present invention can also comprise non-naturallyoccurring amino acid residues. Non-naturally occurring amino acidsinclude, without limitation, trans-3-methylproline, 2,4-methanoproline,cis-4-hydroxyproline, trans-4-hydroxyproline, N-methylglycine,allo-threonine, methylthreonine, hydroxyethylcysteine,hydroxyethylhomocysteine, nitroglutamine, homoglutamine, pipecolic acid,thiazolidine carboxylic acid, dehydroproline, 3- and 4-methylproline,3,3-dimethylproline, tert-leucine, norvaline, 2-azaphenylalanine,3-azaphenylalanine, 4-azaphenylalanine, and 4-fluorophenylalanine.Several methods are known in the art for incorporating non-naturallyoccurring amino acid residues into proteins. For example, an in vitrosystem can be employed wherein nonsense mutations are suppressed usingchemically aminoacylated suppressor tRNAs. Methods for synthesizingamino acids and aminoacylating tRNA are known in the art. Transcriptionand translation of plasmids containing nonsense mutations is typicallycarried out in a cell-free system comprising an E. coli S30 extract andcommercially available enzymes and other reagents. Proteins are purifiedby chromatography. See, for example, Robertson et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.113:2722 (1991), Ellman et al., Methods Enzymol. 202:301 (1991), Chunget al., Science 259:806 (1993), and Chung et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci.USA 90:10145 (1993).

In a second method, translation is carried out in Xenopus oocytes bymicroinjection of mutated mRNA and chemically aminoacylated suppressortRNAs (Turcatti et al., J. Biol. Chem. 271:19991 (1996)). Within a thirdmethod, E. coli cells are cultured in the absence of a natural aminoacid that is to be replaced (e.g., phenylalanine) and in the presence ofthe desired non-naturally occurring amino acid(s) (e.g.,2-azaphenylalanine, 3-azaphenylalanine, 4-azaphenylalanine, or4-fluorophenylalanine). The non-naturally occurring amino acid isincorporated into the protein in place of its natural counterpart. See,Koide et al., Biochem. 33:7470 (1994). Naturally occurring amino acidresidues can be converted to non-naturally occurring species by in vitrochemical modification. Chemical modification can be combined withsite-directed mutagenesis to further expand the range of substitutions(Wynn and Richards, Protein Sci. 2:395 (1993)).

A limited number of non-conservative amino acids, amino acids that arenot encoded by the genetic code, non-naturally occurring amino acids,and unnatural amino acids may be substituted for Ztnfr12 amino acidresidues.

Essential amino acids in the polypeptides of the present invention canbe identified according to procedures known in the art, such assite-directed mutagenesis or alanine-scanning mutagenesis (Cunninghamand Wells, Science 244:1081 (1989), Bass et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci.USA 88:4498 (1991), Coombs and Corey, “Site-Directed Mutagenesis andProtein Engineering,” in Proteins: Analysis and Design, Angeletti (ed.),pages 259-311 (Academic Press, Inc. 1998)). In the latter technique,single alanine mutations are introduced at every residue in themolecule, and the resultant mutant molecules are tested for biologicalactivity to identify amino acid residues that are critical to theactivity of the molecule. See also, Hilton et al., J. Biol. Chem.271:4699 (1996).

Although sequence analysis can be used to further define the Ztnfr12ligand binding region, amino acids that play a role in Ztnfr12 bindingactivity can also be determined by physical analysis of structure, asdetermined by such techniques as nuclear magnetic resonance,crystallography, electron diffraction or photoaffinity labeling, inconjunction with mutation of putative contact site amino acids. See, forexample, de Vos et al., Science 255:306 (1992), Smith et al., J. Mol.Biol. 224:899 (1992), and Wlodaver et al., FEBS Lett. 309:59 (1992).

Multiple amino acid substitutions can be made and tested using knownmethods of mutagenesis and screening, such as those disclosed byReidhaar-Olson and Sauer (Science 241:53 (1988)) or Bowie and Sauer(Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 86:2152 (1989)). Briefly, these authorsdisclose methods for simultaneously randomizing two or more positions ina polypeptide, selecting for functional polypeptide, and then sequencingthe mutagenized polypeptides to determine the spectrum of allowablesubstitutions at each position. Other methods that can be used includephage display (e.g., Lowman et al., Biochem. 30:10832 (1991), Ladner etal., U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409, Huse, international publication No. WO92/06204, and region-directed mutagenesis (Derbyshire et al., Gene46:145 (1986), and Ner et al., DNA 7:127, (1988)). Moreover, Ztnfr12labeled with biotin or FITC can be used for expression cloning of newZtnfr12 ligands.

Variants of the disclosed Ztnfr12 nucleotide and polypeptide sequencescan also be generated through DNA shuffling as disclosed by Stemmer,Nature 370:389 (1994), Stemmer, Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 91:10747(1994), and international publication No. WO 97/20078. Briefly, variantDNA molecules are generated by in vitro homologous recombination byrandom fragmentation of a parent DNA followed by reassembly using PCR,resulting in randomly introduced point mutations. This technique can bemodified by using a family of parent DNA molecules, such as allelicvariants or DNA molecules from different species, to introduceadditional variability into the process. Selection or screening for thedesired activity, followed by additional iterations of mutagenesis andassay provides for rapid “evolution” of sequences by selecting fordesirable mutations while simultaneously selecting against detrimentalchanges.

Mutagenesis methods as disclosed herein can be combined withhigh-throughput, automated screening methods to detect activity ofcloned, mutagenized polypeptides in host cells. Mutagenized DNAmolecules that encode biologically active polypeptides, or polypeptidesthat bind with anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies, can be recovered from the hostcells and rapidly sequenced using modern equipment. These methods allowthe rapid determination of the importance of individual amino acidresidues in a polypeptide of interest, and can be applied topolypeptides of unknown structure.

The present invention also includes “functional fragments” of Ztnfr12polypeptides and nucleic acid molecules encoding such functionalfragments. Routine deletion analyses of nucleic acid molecules can beperformed to obtain functional fragments of a nucleic acid molecule thatencodes a Ztnfr12 polypeptide. As an illustration, DNA moleculescomprising the nucleotide sequence of nucleotides 27 to 578 of SEQ IDNO:1 can be digested with Bal31 nuclease to obtain a series of nesteddeletions. The fragments are then inserted into expression vectors inproper reading frame, and the expressed polypeptides are isolated andtested for the ability to bind anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies. One alternativeto exonuclease digestion is to use oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesisto introduce deletions or stop codons to specify production of a desiredfragment. Alternatively, particular fragments of a Ztnfr12 gene can besynthesized using the polymerase chain reaction. An example of afunctional fragment is the extracellular domain of Ztnfr12 (i.e., aboutamino acid residues 1 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2, or about amino acid residues1 to 79 of SEQ ID NO:2).

This general approach is exemplified by studies on the truncation ateither or both termini of interferons have been summarized byHorisberger and Di Marco, Pharmac. Ther. 66:507 (1995). Moreover,standard techniques for functional analysis of proteins are describedby, for example, Treuter et al., Molec. Gen. Genet. 240:113 (1993),Content et al., “Expression and preliminary deletion analysis of the 42kDa 2-5 A synthetase induced by human interferon,” in BiologicalInterferon Systems, Proceedings of ISIR-TNO Meeting on InterferonSystems, Cantell (ed.), pages 65-72 (Nijhoff 1987), Herschman, “The EGFReceptor,” in Control of Animal Cell Proliferation, Vol. 1, Boynton etal., (eds.) pages 169-199 (Academic Press 1985), Coumailleau et al., J.Biol. Chem. 270:29270 (1995); Fukunaga et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270:25291(1995); Yamaguchi et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 50:1295 (1995), and Meiselet al., Plant Molec. Biol. 30:1 (1996).

The present invention also contemplates functional fragments of aZtnfr12 gene that have amino acid changes, compared with an amino acidsequence disclosed herein. A variant Ztnfr12 gene can be identified onthe basis of structure by determining the level of identity withdisclosed nucleotide and amino acid sequences, as discussed above. Analternative approach to identifying a variant gene on the basis ofstructure is to determine whether a nucleic acid molecule encoding apotential variant Ztnfr12 gene can hybridize to a nucleic acid moleculecomprising a nucleotide sequence, such as SEQ ID NO:1.

The present invention also provides polypeptide fragments or peptidescomprising an epitope-bearing portion of a Ztnfr12 polypeptide describedherein. Such fragments or peptides may comprise an “immunogenicepitope,” which is a part of a protein that elicits an antibody responsewhen the entire protein is used as an immunogen Immunogenicepitope-bearing peptides can be identified using standard methods (see,for example, Geysen et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 81:3998 (1983)).

In contrast, polypeptide fragments or peptides may comprise an“antigenic epitope,” which is a region of a protein molecule to which anantibody can specifically bind. Certain epitopes consist of a linear orcontiguous stretch of amino acids, and the antigenicity of such anepitope is not disrupted by denaturing agents. It is known in the artthat relatively short synthetic peptides that can mimic epitopes of aprotein can be used to stimulate the production of antibodies againstthe protein (see, for example, Sutcliffe et al., Science 219:660(1983)). Accordingly, antigenic epitope-bearing peptides andpolypeptides of the present invention are useful to raise antibodiesthat bind with the polypeptides described herein.

Antigenic epitope-bearing peptides and polypeptides can contain at leastfour to ten amino acids, at least ten to fifteen amino acids, or about15 to about 30 amino acids of an amino acid sequence disclosed herein.Such epitope-bearing peptides and polypeptides can be produced byfragmenting a Ztnfr12 polypeptide, or by chemical peptide synthesis, asdescribed herein. Moreover, epitopes can be selected by phage display ofrandom peptide libraries (see, for example, Lane and Stephen, Curr.Opin. Immunol 5:268 (1993), and Cortese et al., Curr. Opin. Biotechnol.7:616 (1996)). Standard methods for identifying epitopes and producingantibodies from small peptides that comprise an epitope are described,for example, by Mole, “Epitope Mapping,” in Methods in MolecularBiology, Vol. 10, Manson (ed.), pages 105-116 (The Humana Press, Inc.1992), Price, “Production and Characterization of SyntheticPeptide-Derived Antibodies,” in Monoclonal Antibodies: Production,Engineering, and Clinical Application, Ritter and Ladyman (eds.), pages60-84 (Cambridge University Press 1995), and Coligan et al. (eds.),Current Protocols in Immunology, pages 9.3.1-9.3.5 and pages9.4.1-9.4.11 (John Wiley & Sons 1997).

In addition to the uses described above, polynucleotides andpolypeptides of the present invention are useful as educational tools inlaboratory practicum kits for courses related to genetics and molecularbiology, protein chemistry, and antibody production and analysis. Due toits unique polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences, molecules ofZtnfr12 can be used as standards or as “unknowns” for testing purposes.For example, Ztnfr12 polynucleotides can be used as an aid, such as, forexample, to teach a student how to prepare expression constructs forbacterial, viral, or mammalian expression, including fusion constructs,wherein Ztnfr12 is the gene to be expressed; for determining therestriction endonuclease cleavage sites of the polynucleotides;determining mRNA and DNA localization of Ztnfr12 polynucleotides intissues (i.e., by northern and Southern blotting as well as polymerasechain reaction); and for identifying related polynucleotides andpolypeptides by nucleic acid hybridization. As an illustration, studentswill find that PstI digestion of a nucleic acid molecule consisting ofthe nucleotide sequence of nucleotides 27 to 578 of SEQ ID NO:1 providestwo fragments of about 174 base pairs, and 378 base pairs, and thatHinfI digestion yields fragments of about 182 base pairs, 226 basepairs, and 144 base pairs.

Ztnfr12 polypeptides can be used as an aid to teach preparation ofantibodies; identifying proteins by western blotting; proteinpurification; determining the weight of expressed Ztnfr12 polypeptidesas a ratio to total protein expressed; identifying peptide cleavagesites; coupling amino and carboxyl terminal tags; amino acid sequenceanalysis, as well as, but not limited to monitoring biologicalactivities of both the native and tagged protein (i.e., proteaseinhibition) in vitro and in vivo. For example, students will find thatdigestion of unglycosylated Ztnfr12 with endopeptidase Lys C yields fivefragments having approximate molecular weights of 4870, 7691, 883, 4758,and 729, whereas digestion of unglycosylated Ztnfr12 with BNPS orNCS/urea yields fragments having approximate molecular weights of 10279,4740, and 3877.

Ztnfr12 polypeptides can also be used to teach analytical skills such asmass spectrometry, circular dichroism, to determine conformation,especially of the four alpha helices, x-ray crystallography to determinethe three-dimensional structure in atomic detail, nuclear magneticresonance spectroscopy to reveal the structure of proteins in solution.For example, a kit containing the Ztnfr12 can be given to the student toanalyze. Since the amino acid sequence would be known by the instructor,the protein can be given to the student as a test to determine theskills or develop the skills of the student, the instructor would thenknow whether or not the student has correctly analyzed the polypeptide.Since every polypeptide is unique, the educational utility of Ztnfr12would be unique unto itself.

The antibodies which bind specifically to Ztnfr12 can be used as ateaching aid to instruct students how to prepare affinity chromatographycolumns to purify Ztnfr12, cloning and sequencing the polynucleotidethat encodes an antibody and thus as a practicum for teaching a studenthow to design humanized antibodies. The Ztnfr12 gene, polypeptide, orantibody would then be packaged by reagent companies and sold toeducational institutions so that the students gain skill in art ofmolecular biology. Because each gene and protein is unique, each geneand protein creates unique challenges and learning experiences forstudents in a lab practicum. Such educational kits containing theZtnfr12 gene, polypeptide, or antibody are considered within the scopeof the present invention.

For any Ztnfr12 polypeptide, including variants and fusion proteins, oneof ordinary skill in the art can readily generate a fully degeneratepolynucleotide sequence encoding that variant using the information setforth in Tables 1 and 2 above. Moreover, those of skill in the art canuse standard software to devise Ztnfr12 variants based upon thenucleotide and amino acid sequences described herein. Accordingly, thepresent invention includes a computer-readable medium encoded with adata structure that provides at least one of the following sequences:SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, and SEQ ID NO:3. Suitable forms ofcomputer-readable media include magnetic media and optically-readablemedia. Examples of magnetic media include a hard or fixed drive, arandom access memory (RAM) chip, a floppy disk, digital linear tape(DLT), a disk cache, and a ZIP disk. Optically readable media areexemplified by compact discs (e.g., CD-read only memory (ROM),CD-rewritable (RW), and CD-recordable), and digital versatile/videodiscs (DVD) (e.g., DVD-ROM, DVD-RAM, and DVD+RW).

5. Production of Ztnfr12 Polypeptides

The polypeptides of the present invention, including full-lengthpolypeptides, functional fragments, and fusion proteins, can be producedin recombinant host cells following conventional techniques. To expressa Ztnfr12 gene, a nucleic acid molecule encoding the polypeptide must beoperably linked to regulatory sequences that control transcriptionalexpression in an expression vector and then, introduced into a hostcell. In addition to transcriptional regulatory sequences, such aspromoters and enhancers, expression vectors can include translationalregulatory sequences and a marker gene which is suitable for selectionof cells that carry the expression vector.

Expression vectors that are suitable for production of a foreign proteinin eukaryotic cells typically contain (1) prokaryotic DNA elementscoding for a bacterial replication origin and an antibiotic resistancemarker to provide for the growth and selection of the expression vectorin a bacterial host; (2) eukaryotic DNA elements that control initiationof transcription, such as a promoter; and (3) DNA elements that controlthe processing of transcripts, such as a transcriptiontermination/polyadenylation sequence. As discussed above, expressionvectors can also include nucleotide sequences encoding a secretorysequence that directs the heterologous polypeptide into the secretorypathway of a host cell. For example, a Ztnfr12 expression vector maycomprise a Ztnfr12 gene and a secretory sequence derived from anysecreted gene.

Expression of Ztnfr12 can be achieved using nucleic acid molecules thateither include or do not include noncoding portions of the Ztnfr12 gene.However, higher efficiency of production from certain recombinant hostcells may be obtained when at least one Ztnfr12 intron sequence isincluded in the expression vector.

Ztnfr12 proteins of the present invention may be expressed in mammaliancells. Examples of suitable mammalian host cells include African greenmonkey kidney cells (Vero; ATCC CRL 1587), human embryonic kidney cells(293-HEK; ATCC CRL 1573), baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21, BHK-570;ATCC CRL 8544, ATCC CRL 10314), canine kidney cells (MDCK; ATCC CCL 34),Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1; ATCC CCL61; CHO DG44 (Chasin etal., Som. Cell. Molec. Genet. 12:555, 1986)), rat pituitary cells (GH1;ATCC CCL82), HeLa S3 cells (ATCC CCL2.2), rat hepatoma cells (H-4-II-E;ATCC CRL 1548) SV40-transformed monkey kidney cells (COS-1; ATCC CRL1650) and murine embryonic cells (NIH-3T3; ATCC CRL 1658).

For a mammalian host, the transcriptional and translational regulatorysignals may be derived from viral sources, such as adenovirus, bovinepapilloma virus, simian virus, or the like, in which the regulatorysignals are associated with a particular gene which has a high level ofexpression. Suitable transcriptional and translational regulatorysequences also can be obtained from mammalian genes, such as actin,collagen, myosin, and metallothionein genes.

Transcriptional regulatory sequences include a promoter regionsufficient to direct the initiation of RNA synthesis. Suitableeukaryotic promoters include the promoter of the mouse metallothionein Igene (Hamer et al., J. Molec. Appl. Genet. 1:273 (1982)), the TKpromoter of Herpes virus (McKnight, Ce1131:355 (1982)), the SV40 earlypromoter (Benoist et al., Nature 290:304 (1981)), the Rous sarcoma viruspromoter (Gorman et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 79:6777 (1982)), thecytomegalovirus promoter (Foecking et al., Gene 45:101 (1980)), and themouse mammary tumor virus promoter (see, generally, Etcheverry,“Expression of Engineered Proteins in Mammalian Cell Culture,” inProtein Engineering: Principles and Practice, Cleland et al. (eds.),pages 163-181 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1996)).

Alternatively, a prokaryotic promoter, such as the bacteriophage T3 RNApolymerase promoter, can be used to control Ztnfr12 gene expression inmammalian cells if the prokaryotic promoter is regulated by a eukaryoticpromoter (Zhou et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:4529 (1990), and Kaufman etal., Nucl. Acids Res. 19:4485 (1991)).

An expression vector can be introduced into host cells using a varietyof standard techniques including calcium phosphate transfection,liposome-mediated transfection, microprojectile-mediated delivery,electroporation, and the like. The transfected cells can be selected andpropagated to provide recombinant host cells that comprise theexpression vector stably integrated in the host cell genome. Techniquesfor introducing vectors into eukaryotic cells and techniques forselecting such stable transformants using a dominant selectable markerare described, for example, by Ausubel (1995) and by Murray (ed.), GeneTransfer and Expression Protocols (Humana Press 1991).

For example, one suitable selectable marker is a gene that providesresistance to the antibiotic neomycin. In this case, selection iscarried out in the presence of a neomycin-type drug, such as G-418 orthe like. Selection systems can also be used to increase the expressionlevel of the gene of interest, a process referred to as “amplification.”Amplification is carried out by culturing transfectants in the presenceof a low level of the selective agent and then increasing the amount ofselective agent to select for cells that produce high levels of theproducts of the introduced genes. A suitable amplifiable selectablemarker is dihydrofolate reductase, which confers resistance tomethotrexate. Other drug resistance genes (e.g., hygromycin resistance,multi-drug resistance, puromycin acetyltransferase) can also be used.Alternatively, markers that introduce an altered phenotype, such asgreen fluorescent protein, or cell surface proteins such as CD4, CD8,Class I MHC, placental alkaline phosphatase may be used to sorttransfected cells from untransfected cells by such means as FACS sortingor magnetic bead separation technology.

Ztnfr12 polypeptides can also be produced by cultured mammalian cellsusing a viral delivery system. Exemplary viruses for this purposeinclude adenovirus, herpesvirus, vaccinia virus and adeno-associatedvirus (AAV). Adenovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus, is currently thebest studied gene transfer vector for delivery of heterologous nucleicacid (for a review, see Becker et al., Meth. Cell Biol. 43:161 (1994),and Douglas and Curiel, Science & Medicine 4:44 (1997)). Advantages ofthe adenovirus system include the accommodation of relatively large DNAinserts, the ability to grow to high-titer, the ability to infect abroad range of mammalian cell types, and flexibility that allows usewith a large number of available vectors containing different promoters.

By deleting portions of the adenovirus genome, larger inserts (up to 7kb) of heterologous DNA can be accommodated. These inserts can beincorporated into the viral DNA by direct ligation or by homologousrecombination with a co-transfected plasmid. An option is to delete theessential E1 gene from the viral vector, which results in the inabilityto replicate unless the E1 gene is provided by the host cell. Adenovirusvector-infected human 293 cells (ATCC Nos. CRL-1573, 45504, 45505), forexample, can be grown as adherent cells or in suspension culture atrelatively high cell density to produce significant amounts of protein(see Garnier et al., Cytotechnol. 15:145 (1994)).

Ztnfr12 can also be expressed in other higher eukaryotic cells, such asavian, fungal, insect, yeast, or plant cells. The baculovirus systemprovides an efficient means to introduce cloned Ztnfr12 genes intoinsect cells. Suitable expression vectors are based upon the Autographacalifornica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV), and containwell-known promoters such as Drosophila heat shock protein (hsp) 70promoter, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virusimmediate-early gene promoter (ie-1) and the delayed early 39K promoter,baculovirus p10 promoter, and the Drosophila metallothionein promoter. Asecond method of making recombinant baculovirus utilizes atransposon-based system described by Luckow (Luckow, et al., J. Virol.67:4566 (1993)). This system, which utilizes transfer vectors, is soldin the BAC-to-BAC kit (Life Technologies, Rockville, Md.). This systemutilizes a transfer vector, PFASTBAC (Life Technologies) containing aTn7 transposon to move the DNA encoding the Ztnfr12 polypeptide into abaculovirus genome maintained in E. coli as a large plasmid called a“bacmid.” See, Hill-Perkins and Possee, J. Gen. Virol. 71:971 (1990),Bonning, et al., J. Gen. Virol. 75:1551 (1994), and Chazenbalk, andRapoport, J. Biol. Chem. 270:1543 (1995). In addition, transfer vectorscan include an in-frame fusion with DNA encoding an epitope tag at theC- or N-terminus of the expressed Ztnfr12 polypeptide, for example, aGlu-Glu epitope tag (Grussenmeyer et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. 82:7952(1985)). Using a technique known in the art, a transfer vectorcontaining a Ztnfr12 gene is transformed into E. coli, and screened forbacmids, which contain an interrupted lacZ gene indicative ofrecombinant baculovirus. The bacmid DNA containing the recombinantbaculovirus genome is then isolated using common techniques.

The illustrative PFASTBAC vector can be modified to a considerabledegree. For example, the polyhedrin promoter can be removed andsubstituted with the baculovirus basic protein promoter (also known asPcor, p6.9 or MP promoter) which is expressed earlier in the baculovirusinfection, and has been shown to be advantageous for expressing secretedproteins (see, for example, Hill-Perkins and Possee, J. Gen. Virol.71:971 (1990), Bonning, et al., J. Gen. Virol. 75:1551 (1994), andChazenbalk and Rapoport, J. Biol. Chem. 270:1543 (1995). In suchtransfer vector constructs, a short or long version of the basic proteinpromoter can be used. Moreover, transfer vectors can be constructed,which replace the native Ztnfr12 secretory signal sequences withsecretory signal sequences derived from insect proteins. For example, asecretory signal sequence from Ecdysteroid Glucosyltransferase (EGT),honey bee Melittin (Invitrogen Corporation; Carlsbad, Calif.), orbaculovirus gp67 (PharMingen: San Diego, Calif.) can be used inconstructs to replace the native Ztnfr12 secretory signal sequence.

The recombinant virus or bacmid is used to transfect host cells.Suitable insect host cells include cell lines derived from IPLB-Sf-21, aSpodoptera frugiperda pupal ovarian cell line, such as Sf9 (ATCC CRL1711), Sf21AE, and Sf21 (Invitrogen Corporation; San Diego, Calif.), aswell as Drosophila Schneider-2 cells, and the HIGH FIVEO cell line(Invitrogen) derived from Trichoplusia ni (U.S. Pat. No. 5,300,435).Commercially available serum-free media can be used to grow and tomaintain the cells. Suitable media are Sf900 II™ (Life Technologies) orESF 921™ (Expression Systems) for the Sf9 cells; and Ex-cellO405™ (JRHBiosciences, Lenexa, Kans.) or Express FiveO™ (Life Technologies) forthe T. ni cells. When recombinant virus is used, the cells are typicallygrown up from an inoculation density of approximately 2-5×10⁵ cells to adensity of 1-2×10⁶ cells at which time a recombinant viral stock isadded at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1 to 10, more typicallynear 3.

Established techniques for producing recombinant proteins in baculovirussystems are provided by Bailey et al., “Manipulation of BaculovirusVectors,” in Methods in Molecular Biology, Volume 7: Gene Transfer andExpression Protocols, Murray (ed.), pages 147-168 (The Humana Press,Inc. 1991), by Patel et al., “The baculovirus expression system,” in DNACloning 2: Expression Systems, 2nd Edition, Glover et al. (eds.), pages205-244 (Oxford University Press 1995), by Ausubel (1995) at pages 16-37to 16-57, by Richardson (ed.), Baculovirus Expression Protocols (TheHumana Press, Inc. 1995), and by Lucknow, “Insect Cell ExpressionTechnology,” in Protein Engineering: Principles and Practice, Cleland etal. (eds.), pages 183-218 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1996).

Fungal cells, including yeast cells, can also be used to express thegenes described herein. Yeast species of particular interest in thisregard include Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, and Pichiamethanolica. Suitable promoters for expression in yeast includepromoters from GAL1 (galactose), PGK (phosphoglycerate kinase), ADH(alcohol dehydrogenase), AOX1 (alcohol oxidase), HIS4 (histidinoldehydrogenase), and the like. Many yeast cloning vectors have beendesigned and are readily available. These vectors include YIp-basedvectors, such as YIp5, YRp vectors, such as YRp17, YEp vectors such asYEp13 and YCp vectors, such as YCp19. Methods for transforming S.cerevisiae cells with exogenous DNA and producing recombinantpolypeptides therefrom are disclosed by, for example, Kawasaki, U.S.Pat. No. 4,599,311, Kawasaki et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,373, Brake,U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,008, Welch et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,037,743, andMurray et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,845,075. Transformed cells are selectedby phenotype determined by the selectable marker, commonly drugresistance or the ability to grow in the absence of a particularnutrient (e.g., leucine). A suitable vector system for use inSaccharomyces cerevisiae is the POT1 vector system disclosed by Kawasakiet al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,373), which allows transformed cells to beselected by growth in glucose-containing media. Additional suitablepromoters and terminators for use in yeast include those from glycolyticenzyme genes (see, e.g., Kawasaki, U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,311, Kingsman etal., U.S. Pat. No. 4,615,974, and Bitter, U.S. Pat. No. 4,977,092) andalcohol dehydrogenase genes. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,990,446,5,063,154, 5,139,936, and 4,661,454.

Transformation systems for other yeasts, including Hansenula polymorpha,Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces fragilis,Ustilago maydis, Pichia pastoris, Pichia methanolica, Pichiaguillermondii and Candida maltosa are known in the art. See, forexample, Gleeson et al., J. Gen. Microbiol. 132:3459 (1986), and Cregg,U.S. Pat. No. 4,882,279. Aspergillus cells may be utilized according tothe methods of McKnight et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,349. Methods fortransforming Acremonium chrysogenum are disclosed by Sumino et al., U.S.Pat. No. 5,162,228. Methods for transforming Neurospora are disclosed byLambowitz, U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,533.

For example, the use of Pichia methanolica as host for the production ofrecombinant proteins is disclosed by Raymond, U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,808,Raymond, U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,383, Raymond et al., Yeast 14:11-23 (1998),and in international publication Nos. WO 97/17450, WO 97/17451, WO98/02536, and WO 98/02565. DNA molecules for use in transforming P.methanolica will commonly be prepared as double-stranded, circularplasmids, which can be linearized prior to transformation. Forpolypeptide production in P. methanolica, the promoter and terminator inthe plasmid can be that of a P. methanolica gene, such as a P.methanolica alcohol utilization gene (AUG1 or AUG2). Other usefulpromoters include those of the dihydroxyacetone synthase (DHAS), formatedehydrogenase (FMD), and catalase (CAT) genes. To facilitate integrationof the DNA into the host chromosome, the entire expression segment ofthe plasmid can be flanked at both ends by host DNA sequences. Asuitable selectable marker for use in Pichia methanolica is a P.methanolica ADE2 gene, which encodes phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazolecarboxylase (AIRC; EC 4.1.1.21), and which allows ade2 host cells togrow in the absence of adenine. For large-scale, industrial processeswhere it is desirable to minimize the use of methanol, host cells can beused in which both methanol utilization genes (AUG1 and AUG2) aredeleted. For production of secreted proteins, host cells can bedeficient in vacuolar protease genes (PEP4 and PRB1). Electroporation isused to facilitate the introduction of a plasmid containing DNA encodinga polypeptide of interest into P. methanolica cells. P. methanolicacells can be transformed by electroporation using an exponentiallydecaying, pulsed electric field having a field strength of from 2.5 to4.5 kV/cm, preferably about 3.75 kV/cm, and a time constant (t) of from1 to 40 milliseconds, most preferably about 20 milliseconds.

Expression vectors can also be introduced into plant protoplasts, intactplant tissues, or isolated plant cells. Methods for introducingexpression vectors into plant tissue include the direct infection orco-cultivation of plant tissue with Agrobacterium tumefaciens,microprojectile-mediated delivery, DNA injection, electroporation, andthe like. See, for example, Horsch et al., Science 227:1229 (1985),Klein et al., Biotechnology 10:268 (1992), and Mild et al., “Proceduresfor Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants,” in Methods in Plant MolecularBiology and Biotechnology, Glick et al. (eds.), pages 67-88 (CRC Press,1993).

Alternatively, Ztnfr12 genes can be expressed in prokaryotic host cells.Suitable promoters that can be used to express Ztnfr12 polypeptides in aprokaryotic host are well-known to those of skill in the art and includepromoters capable of recognizing the T4, T3, Sp6 and T7 polymerases, theP_(R) and P_(L) promoters of bacteriophage lambda, the trp, recA, heatshock, lacUV5, tac, lpp-lacSpr, phoA, and lacZ promoters of E. coli,promoters of B. subtilis, the promoters of the bacteriophages ofBacillus, Streptomyces promoters, the int promoter of bacteriophagelambda, the bla promoter of pBR322, and the CAT promoter of thechloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene. Prokaryotic promoters have beenreviewed by Glick, J. Ind. Microbiol. 1:277 (1987), Watson et al.,Molecular Biology of the Gene, 4th Ed. (Benjamin Cummins 1987), and byAusubel et al. (1995).

Suitable prokaryotic hosts include E. coli and Bacillus subtilus.Suitable strains of E. coli include BL21(DE3), BL21(DE3)pLysS,BL21(DE3)pLysE, DH1, DH4I, DH5, DH5I, DH5IF′, DH5IMCR, DH10B, DH10B/p3,DH11S, C600, HB101, JM101, JM105, JM109, JM110, K38, RR1, Y1088, Y1089,CSH18, ER1451, and ER1647 (see, for example, Brown (ed.), MolecularBiology Labfax (Academic Press 1991)). Suitable strains of Bacillussubtilus include BR151, YB886, MI119, MI120, and B170 (see, for example,Hardy, “Bacillus Cloning Methods,” in DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach,Glover (ed.) (IRL Press 1985)).

When expressing a Ztnfr12 polypeptide in bacteria such as E. coli, thepolypeptide may be retained in the cytoplasm, typically as insolublegranules, or may be directed to the periplasmic space by a bacterialsecretion sequence. In the former case, the cells are lysed, and thegranules are recovered and denatured using, for example, guanidineisothiocyanate or urea. The denatured polypeptide can then be refoldedand dimerized by diluting the denaturant, such as by dialysis against asolution of urea and a combination of reduced and oxidized glutathione,followed by dialysis against a buffered saline solution. In the lattercase, the polypeptide can be recovered from the periplasmic space in asoluble and functional form by disrupting the cells (by, for example,sonication or osmotic shock) to release the contents of the periplasmicspace and recovering the protein, thereby obviating the need fordenaturation and refolding.

Methods for expressing proteins in prokaryotic hosts are well-known tothose of skill in the art (see, for example, Williams et al.,“Expression of foreign proteins in E. coli using plasmid vectors andpurification of specific polyclonal antibodies,” in DNA Cloning 2:Expression Systems, 2nd Edition, Glover et al. (eds.), page 15 (OxfordUniversity Press 1995), Ward et al., “Genetic Manipulation andExpression of Antibodies,” in Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles andApplications, page 137 (Wiley-Liss, Inc. 1995), and Georgiou,“Expression of Proteins in Bacteria,” in Protein Engineering: Principlesand Practice, Cleland et al. (eds.), page 101 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1996)).

Standard methods for introducing expression vectors into bacterial,yeast, insect, and plant cells are provided, for example, by Ausubel(1995).

General methods for expressing and recovering foreign protein producedby a mammalian cell system are provided by, for example, Etcheverry,“Expression of Engineered Proteins in Mammalian Cell Culture,” inProtein Engineering: Principles and Practice, Cleland et al. (eds.),pages 163 (Wiley-Liss, Inc. 1996). Standard techniques for recoveringprotein produced by a bacterial system is provided by, for example,Grisshammer et al., “Purification of over-produced proteins from E. colicells,” in DNA Cloning 2: Expression Systems, 2nd Edition, Glover et al.(eds.), pages 59-92 (Oxford University Press 1995). Established methodsfor isolating recombinant proteins from a baculovirus system aredescribed by Richardson (ed.), Baculovirus Expression Protocols (TheHumana Press, Inc. 1995).

As an alternative, polypeptides of the present invention can besynthesized by exclusive solid phase synthesis, partial solid phasemethods, fragment condensation or classical solution synthesis. Thesesynthesis methods are well-known to those of skill in the art (see, forexample, Merrifield, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85:2149 (1963), Stewart et al.,“Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis” (2nd Edition), (Pierce Chemical Co.1984), Bayer and Rapp, Chem. Pept. Prot. 3:3 (1986), Atherton et al.,Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis: A Practical Approach (IRL Press 1989),Fields and Colowick, “Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis,” Methods inEnzymology Volume 289 (Academic Press 1997), and Lloyd-Williams et al.,Chemical Approaches to the Synthesis of Peptides and Proteins (CRCPress, Inc. 1997)). Variations in total chemical synthesis strategies,such as “native chemical ligation” and “expressed protein ligation” arealso standard (see, for example, Dawson et al., Science 266:776 (1994),Hackeng et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 94:7845 (1997), Dawson,Methods Enzymol. 287: 34 (1997), Muir et al, Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA95:6705 (1998), and Severinov and Muir, J. Biol. Chem. 273:16205(1998)).

Peptides and polypeptides of the present invention comprise at leastsix, at least nine, or at least 15 contiguous amino acid residues of SEQID NO:2. As an illustration, polypeptides can comprise at least six, atleast nine, or at least 15 contiguous amino acid residues of amino acidresidues 1 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 1 to 79 of SEQ IDNO:2, amino acid residues 7 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2, or amino acid residues7 to 79 of SEQ ID NO:2. Within certain embodiments of the invention, thepolypeptides comprise 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, or more contiguous residuesof these amino acid sequences. For example, polypeptides can comprise atleast 30 contiguous amino acid residues of an amino acid sequenceselected from the group consisting of: (a) amino acid residues 1 to 184of SEQ ID NO:2, (b) amino acid residues 1 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2, (c)amino acid residues 1 to 79 of SEQ ID NO:2, (d) amino acid residues 7 to69 of SEQ ID NO:2, and (e) amino acid residues 7 to 79 of SEQ ID NO:2.Nucleic acid molecules encoding such peptides and polypeptides areuseful as polymerase chain reaction primers and probes, and thesepeptides and polypeptides are useful to produce antibodies to Ztnfr12.

6. Production of Ztnfr12 Fusion Proteins and Conjugates

One general class of Ztnfr12 analogs are variants having an amino acidsequence that is a mutation of the amino acid sequence disclosed herein.Another general class of Ztnfr12 analogs is provided by anti-idiotypeantibodies, and fragments thereof, as described below. Moreover,recombinant antibodies comprising anti-idiotype variable domains can beused as analogs (see, for example, Monfardini et al., Proc. Assoc. Am.Physicians 108:420 (1996)). Since the variable domains of anti-idiotypeZtnfr12 antibodies mimic Ztnfr12, these domains can provide Ztnfr12binding activity. Methods of producing anti-idiotypic catalyticantibodies are known to those of skill in the art (see, for example,Joron et al., Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 672:216 (1992), Friboulet et al.,Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 47:229 (1994), and Avalle et al., Aim. N YAcad. Sci. 864:118 (1998)).

Another approach to identifying Ztnfr12 analogs is provided by the useof combinatorial libraries. Methods for constructing and screening phagedisplay and other combinatorial libraries are provided, for example, byKay et al., Phage Display of Peptides and Proteins (Academic Press1996), Verdine, U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,384, Kay, et. al., U.S. Pat. No.5,747,334, and Kauffman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,723,323.

Ztnfr12 polypeptides have both in vivo and in vitro uses. As anillustration, a soluble form of Ztnfr12 can be added to cell culturemedium to inhibit the effects of ZTNF4 either produced by the culturedcells, or added to test medium.

Fusion proteins of Ztnfr12 can be used to express Ztnfr12 in arecombinant host, and to isolate the produced Ztnfr12. As describedbelow, particular Ztnfr12 fusion proteins also have uses in diagnosisand therapy. One type of fusion protein comprises a peptide that guidesa Ztnfr12 polypeptide from a recombinant host cell. To direct a Ztnfr12polypeptide into the secretory pathway of a eukaryotic host cell, asecretory signal sequence (also known as a signal peptide, a leadersequence, prepro sequence or pre sequence) is provided in the Ztnfr12expression vector. While the secretory signal sequence may be derivedfrom Ztnfr12, a suitable signal sequence may also be derived fromanother secreted protein or synthesized de novo. The secretory signalsequence is operably linked to a Ztnfr12-encoding sequence such that thetwo sequences are joined in the correct reading frame and positioned todirect the newly synthesized polypeptide into the secretory pathway ofthe host cell. Secretory signal sequences are commonly positioned 5′ tothe nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide of interest, althoughcertain secretory signal sequences may be positioned elsewhere in thenucleotide sequence of interest (see, e.g., Welch et al., U.S. Pat. No.5,037,743; Holland et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,830).

Although the secretory signal sequence of Ztnfr12 or another proteinproduced by mammalian cells (e.g., tissue-type plasminogen activatorsignal sequence, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,655)is useful for expression of Ztnfr12 in recombinant mammalian hosts, ayeast signal sequence is preferred for expression in yeast cells.Examples of suitable yeast signal sequences are those derived from yeastmating phermone α-factor (encoded by the MFα1 gene), invertase (encodedby the SUC2 gene), or acid phosphatase (encoded by the PHO5 gene). See,for example, Romanos et al., “Expression of Cloned Genes in Yeast,” inDNA Cloning 2: A Practical Approach, 2^(nd) Edition, Glover and Hames(eds.), pages 123-167 (Oxford University Press 1995).

In bacterial cells, it is often desirable to express a heterologousprotein as a fusion protein to decrease toxicity, increase stability,and to enhance recovery of the expressed protein. For example, Ztnfr12can be expressed as a fusion protein comprising a glutathione5-transferase polypeptide. Glutathione 5-transferase fusion proteins aretypically soluble, and easily purifiable from E. coli lysates onimmobilized glutathione columns. In similar approaches, a Ztnfr12 fusionprotein comprising a maltose binding protein polypeptide can be isolatedwith an amylose resin column, while a fusion protein comprising theC-terminal end of a truncated Protein A gene can be purified usingIgG-Sepharose. Established techniques for expressing a heterologouspolypeptide as a fusion protein in a bacterial cell are described, forexample, by Williams et al., “Expression of Foreign Proteins in E. coliUsing Plasmid Vectors and Purification of Specific PolyclonalAntibodies,” in DNA Cloning 2: A Practical Approach, 2^(nd) Edition,Glover and Hames (Eds.), pages 15-58 (Oxford University Press 1995). Inaddition, commercially available expression systems are available. Forexample, the PINPOINT Xa protein purification system (PromegaCorporation; Madison, Wis.) provides a method for isolating a fusionprotein comprising a polypeptide that becomes biotinylated duringexpression with a resin that comprises avidin.

Peptide tags that are useful for isolating heterologous polypeptidesexpressed by either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells includepolyHistidine tags (which have an affinity for nickel-chelating resin),c-myc tags, calmodulin binding protein (isolated with calmodulinaffinity chromatography), substance P, the RYIRS tag (which binds withanti-RYIRS antibodies), the Glu-Glu tag, and the FLAG tag (which bindswith anti-FLAG antibodies). See, for example, Luo et al., Arch. Biochem.Biophys. 329:215 (1996), Morganti et al., Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem.23:67 (1996), and Zheng et al., Gene 186:55 (1997). Nucleic acidmolecules encoding such peptide tags are available, for example, fromSigma-Aldrich Corporation (St. Louis, Mo.).

Another form of fusion protein comprises a Ztnfr12 polypeptide and animmunoglobulin heavy chain constant region, typically an F_(c) fragment,which contains two or three constant region domains and a hinge regionbut lacks the variable region. Fusion proteins comprising a Ztnfr12moiety and an Fc moiety can be used, for example, as an in vitro assaytool. For example, the presence of a Ztnfr12 ligand in a biologicalsample can be detected using a Ztnfr12-immunoglobulin fusion protein, inwhich the Ztnfr12 moiety is used to bind the ligand, and amacromolecule, such as Protein A or anti-Fc antibody, is used to bindthe fusion protein to a solid support. Such systems can be used toidentify agonists and antagonists that interfere with the binding of aZtnfr12 ligand to its receptor.

As an illustration, Chang et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,723,125, describe afusion protein comprising a human interferon and a human immunoglobulinFc fragment. The C-terminal of the interferon is linked to theN-terminal of the Fc fragment by a peptide linker moiety. An example ofa peptide linker is a peptide comprising primarily a T cell inertsequence, which is immunologically inert. An exemplary peptide linkerhas the amino acid sequence: GGSGG SGGGG SGGGG S (SEQ ID NO:4). In thisfusion protein, an illustrative Fc moiety is a human γ4 chain, which isstable in solution and has little or no complement activating activity.Accordingly, the present invention contemplates a Ztnfr12 fusion proteinthat comprises a Ztnfr12 moiety and a human Fc fragment, wherein theC-terminus of the Ztnfr12 moiety is attached to the N-terminus of the Fcfragment via a peptide linker, such as a peptide consisting of the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4. The Ztnfr12 moiety can be a Ztnfr12molecule or a fragment thereof. For example, a fusion protein cancomprise an Fc fragment (e.g., a human Fc fragment), and amino acidresidues 1 to about 69 of SEQ ID NO:2, or amino acid residues 1 to 79 ofSEQ ID NO:2.

In another variation, a Ztnfr12 fusion protein comprises an IgGsequence, a Ztnfr12 moiety covalently joined to the aminoterminal end ofthe IgG sequence, and a signal peptide that is covalently joined to theaminoterminal of the Ztnfr12 moiety, wherein the IgG sequence consistsof the following elements in the following order: a hinge region, a CH₂domain, and a CH₃ domain. Accordingly, the IgG sequence lacks a CH₁domain. The Ztnfr12 moiety displays a Ztnfr12 activity, as describedherein, such as the ability to bind with a Ztnfr12 ligand (e.g., ZTNF4).This general approach to producing fusion proteins that comprise bothantibody and nonantibody portions has been described by LaRochelle etal., EP 742830 (WO 95/21258).

Example 4 describes the construction of a Ztnfr12 fusion protein, inwhich the immunoglobulin moiety, derived from IgG, contains certainmutations. Five classes of immunoglobulin, IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE,have been identified in higher vertebrates. IgG, IgD, and IgE proteinsare characteristically disulfide linked heterotetramers consisting oftwo identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. Typically,IgM is found as a pentamer of a tetramer, whereas IgA occurs as a dimerof a tetramer.

IgG comprises the major class as it normally exists as the second mostabundant protein found in plasma. In humans, IgG consists of foursubclasses, designated IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. As shown in FIG. 1,each immunoglobulin heavy chain possesses a constant region thatconsists of constant region protein domains (C_(H1), hinge, C_(H2), andC_(H3)) that are invariant for a given subclass. The heavy chainconstant regions of the IgG class are identified with the Greek symbolγ. For example, immunoglobulins of the IgG1 subclass contain a γ1 heavychain constant region.

The Fc fragment, or Fc domain, consists of the disulfide linked heavychain hinge regions, C_(H2), and C_(H3) domains. In immunoglobulinfusion proteins, Fc domains of the IgG1 subclass are often used as theimmunoglobulin moiety, because IgG1 has the longest serum half-life ofany of the serum proteins. Lengthy serum half-life can be a desirableprotein characteristic for animal studies and potential humantherapeutic use. In addition, the IgG1 subclass possesses the strongestability to carry out antibody mediated effector functions. The primaryeffector function that may be most useful in an immunoglobulin fusionprotein is the ability for an IgG1 antibody to mediate antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity. On the other hand, this could be anundesirable function for a fusion protein whose primary function is asan antagonist. Several of the specific amino acid residues that areimportant for antibody constant region mediated activity in the IgG1subclass have been identified. Inclusion or exclusion of these specificamino acids therefore allows for inclusion or exclusion of specificimmunoglobulin constant region mediated activity.

Example 4 describes two versions of a modified human IgG1 Fc that weregenerated for creating Ztnfr12-Fc fusion protein. Fc4 and Fc5 containmutations to reduce effector functions mediated by the Fc by reducingFcγRI binding and complement C1q binding. Specifically, three amino acidsubstitutions were introduced to reduce FcγRI binding. These are thesubstitutions at EU index positions 234, 235, and 237 (amino acidresidues 38, 39, and 41 of SEQ ID NO:17, which is a sequence of a wildtype immunoglobulin γ1 region). Substitutions at these positions havebeen shown to reduce binding to FcγRI (Duncan et al., Nature 332:563(1988)). These amino acid substitutions may also reduce FcγRIIa binding,as well as FcγRIII binding (Sondermann et al., Nature 406:267 (2000);Wines et al., J. Immunol. 164:5313 (2000)).

Several groups have described the relevance of EU index positions 330and 331 (amino acid residues 134 and 135 of SEQ ID NO:17) in complementC1q binding and subsequent complement fixation (Canfield and Morrison,J. Exp. Med. 173:1483 (1991); Tao et al., J. Exp. Med. 178:661 (1993)).Amino acid substitutions at these positions were introduced in Fc4 toreduce complement fixation. The C_(H)3 domain of Fc4 is identical tothat found in the corresponding wild-type polypeptide, except for thestop codon, which was changed from TGA to TAA to eliminate a potentialdam methylation site when the cloned DNA is grown in dam plus strains ofE. coli.

In Fc5, the Arginine residue at EU index position 218 was mutated backto a lysine, because the BglII cloning scheme was not used in fusionproteins containing this particular Fc. The remainder of the Fc5sequence matches the above description for Fc4.

Other useful Fc variants include Fc6, Fc7, and Fc8. Fc6 is identical toFc5 except that the carboxyl terminal lysine codon has been eliminated.The C-terminal lysine of mature immunoglobulins is often removed frommature immunoglobulins post-translationally prior to secretion fromB-cells, or removed during serum circulation. Consequently, theC-terminal lysine residue is typically not found on circulatingantibodies. As in Fc4 and Fc5 above, the stop codon in the Fc6 sequencewas changed to TAA.

Fc7 is identical to the wild type γ1 Fc except for an amino acidsubstitution at EU index position 297 located in the C_(H2) domain. EUindex position Asn-297 (amino acid residue 101 of SEQ ID NO:17) is asite of N-linked carbohydrate attachment. N-linked carbohydrateintroduces a potential source of variability in a recombinantlyexpressed protein due to potential batch-to-batch variations in thecarbohydrate structure. In an attempt to eliminate this potentialvariability, Asn-297 was mutated to a glutamine residue to prevent theattachment of N-linked carbohydrate at that residue position. Thecarbohydrate at residue 297 is also involved in Fc binding to theFcγRIII (Sondermann et al., Nature 406:267 (2000)). Therefore, removalof the carbohydrate should decrease binding of recombinant Fc7containing fusion proteins to the FcγR5 in general. As above, the stopcodon in the Fc7 sequence was mutated to TAA.

Fc8 is identical to the wild type immunoglobulin γ1 region shown in SEQID NO:17, except that the cysteine residue at EU index position 220(amino acid residue 24 of SEQ ID NO:17) was replaced with a serineresidue. This mutation eliminated the cysteine residue that normallydisulfide bonds with the immunoglobulin light chain constant region.

The present invention contemplates Ztnfr12-immunoglobulin fusionproteins that comprise a Ztnfr12 receptor moiety consisting of aminoacid residues 7 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 7 to 79 of SEQID NO:2, amino acid residues 7 to 39 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues19 to 35 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 1 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2,amino acid residues 1 to 79 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 1 to 71of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 7 to 71 of SEQ ID NO:2, or aminoacid residues 1 to 39 of SEQ ID NO:2. More generally, the presentinvention includes Ztnfr12-immunoglobulin fusion proteins, wherein theZtnfr12 receptor moiety consists of a fragment of amino acid residues 1to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 1 to 71 of SEQ ID NO:2, aminoacid residues 7 to 71 of SEQ ID NO:2, or amino acid residues 1 to 79 ofSEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the Ztnfr12 receptor moiety binds at ZTNF4.

The immunoglobulin moiety of a fusion protein described herein comprisesat least one constant region of an immunoglobulin. Preferably, theimmunoglobulin moiety represents a segment of a human immunoglobulin.The human immunoglobulin sequence can be a wild-type amino acidsequence, or a modified wild-type amino acid sequence, which has atleast one of the amino acid mutations discussed above.

The human immunoglobulin amino acid sequence can also vary fromwild-type by having one or more mutations characteristic of a knownallotypic determinant. Table 5 shows the allotypic determinants of thehuman IgGγ1 constant region (Putman, The Plasma Proteins, Vol. V, pages49 to 140 (Academic Press, Inc. 1987)). EU index positions 214, 356,358, and 431 define the known IgGγ1 allotypes. Position 214 is in theC_(H1) domain of the IgGγ1 constant region, and, therefore, does notreside within the Fc sequence. The wild type Fc sequence of SEQ ID NO:17includes the G1m(1) and G1m(2-) allotypes. However, the Fc moiety of aTACI-Fc protein can be modified to reflect any combination of theseallotypes.

TABLE 5 Allotypic Determinants of the Human Immunoglobulin γ1 ConstantRegion Amino Acid Amino Acid Position Allotype Residue EU Index SEQ IDNO: 17 Glm(1) Asp, Leu 356, 358 160, 162 Glm(1-) Glu, Met 356, 358 160,162 Glm(2) Gly 431 235 Glm(2-) Ala 431 235 Glm(3) Arg 214 — Glm(3-) Lys214 —

The examples of Ztnfr12-Fc proteins disclosed herein comprise human IgG1constant regions. However, suitable immunoglobulin moieties also includepolypeptides comprising at least one constant region, such as a heavychain constant region from any of the following immunoglobulins: IgG2,IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2, IgD, IgE, and IgM. The present invention alsocontemplates fusion proteins that comprise a Ztnfr12 receptor moiety, asdescribed above, and either albumin or β2-macroglobulin, and the like,to produce Ztnfr12 dimers and multimers. Additional protein moietiessuitable to produce Ztnfr12 fusion protein dimers and multimers areknown to those of skill in the art.

In the treatment of certain conditions, it may be advantageous tocombine a Ztnfr12-immunoglobulin fusion protein with at least one of aTACI-immunoglobulin fusion protein and BCMA-immunoglobulin fusionprotein. This combination therapy can be achieved by administeringvarious types of immunoglobulin fusion proteins, for example as dimers,or by administering heterodimers of Ztnfr12-immunoglobulin,TACI-immunoglobulin and BCMA-immunoglobulin fusion proteins.

The fusion proteins of the present invention can have the form of singlechain polypeptides, dimers, trimers, or multiples of dimers or trimers.Dimers can be homodimers or heterodimers, and trimers can be homotrimersor heterotrimers. Examples of heterodimers include aZtnfr12-immunoglobulin polypeptide with a BCMA-immunoglobulinpolypeptide, a Ztnfr12-immunoglobulin polypeptide with aTACI-immunoglobulin polypeptide, and a BCMA-immunoglobulin polypeptidewith a TACI-immunoglobulin polypeptide. Examples of heterotrimersinclude a Ztnfr12-immunoglobulin polypeptide with twoBCMA-immunoglobulin polypeptides, a Ztnfr12-immunoglobulin polypeptidewith two TACI-immunoglobulin polypeptides, a BCMA-immunoglobulinpolypeptide with two Ztnfr12-immunoglobulin polypeptides, twoTACI-immunoglobulin polypeptides with a BCMA-immunoglobulin polypeptide,one TACI-immunoglobulin polypeptide with two Ztnfr12-immunoglobulinpolypeptides, two BCMA-immunoglobulin polypeptides with aTACI-immunoglobulin polypeptide, and a trimer of a TACI-immunoglobulinpolypeptide, a BCMA-immunoglobulin polypeptide, and aZtnfr12-immunoglobulin polypeptide.

In such fusion proteins, the TACI receptor moiety can comprise at leastone of the following amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO:8: amino acidresidues 30 to 154, amino acid residues 34 to 66, amino acid residues 71to 104, amino acid residues 47 to 62, and amino acid residues 86 to 100.The BCMA receptor moiety can comprise at least one of the followingamino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO:7: amino acid residues 1 to 48, aminoacid residues 8 to 41, and amino acid residues 21 to 37. The Ztnfr12receptor moiety can comprise at least one of the following amino acidsequences of SEQ ID NO:2: amino acid residues 7 to 69, amino acidresidues 7 to 79, amino acid residues 7 to 39, amino acid residues 19 to35, amino acid residues 1 to 69, amino acid residues 1 to 79 of SEQ IDNO:2, amino acid residues 1 to 71 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 7to 71 of SEQ ID NO:2, or amino acid residues 1 to 39.

Immunoglobulin fusion proteins can be produced using standard methods.As an illustration, Example 4 describes the use of PCR methods used toconstruct the illustrative Ztnfr12-Fc5 fusion protein.

Other examples of antibody fusion proteins include polypeptides thatcomprise an antigen-binding domain and a Ztnfr12 fragment that containsa Ztnfr12 extracellular domain. Such molecules can be used to targetparticular tissues for the benefit of Ztnfr12 binding activity.

The present invention further provides a variety of other polypeptidefusions. For example, part or all of a domain(s) conferring a biologicalfunction can be swapped between Ztnfr12 of the present invention withthe functionally equivalent domain(s) from another member of the tumornecrosis factor receptor family. Polypeptide fusions can be expressed inrecombinant host cells to produce a variety of Ztnfr12 fusion analogs. AZtnfr12 polypeptide can be fused to two or more moieties or domains,such as an affinity tag for purification and a targeting domain.Polypeptide fusions can also comprise one or more cleavage sites,particularly between domains. See, for example, Tuan et al., ConnectiveTissue Research 34:1 (1996).

Fusion proteins can be prepared by methods known to those skilled in theart by preparing each component of the fusion protein and chemicallyconjugating them. Alternatively, a polynucleotide encoding bothcomponents of the fusion protein in the proper reading frame can begenerated using known techniques and expressed by the methods describedherein. General methods for enzymatic and chemical cleavage of fusionproteins are described, for example, by Ausubel (1995) at pages 16-19 to16-25.

Ztnfr12 may bind ligands other than ZTNF4. Ztnfr12 polypeptides can beused to identify and to isolate such additional, potential Ztnfr12ligands. For example, proteins and peptides of the present invention canbe immobilized on a column and used to bind ligands from a biologicalsample that is run over the column (Hermanson et al. (eds), ImmobilizedAffinity Ligand Techniques, pages 195-202 (Academic Press 1992)).

The activity of a Ztnfr12 polypeptide can be observed by a silicon-basedbiosensor microphysiometer, which measures the extracellularacidification rate or proton excretion associated with receptor bindingand subsequent physiologic cellular responses. An exemplary device isthe CYTOSENSOR Microphysiometer manufactured by Molecular Devices,Sunnyvale, Calif. A variety of cellular responses, such as cellproliferation, ion transport, energy production, inflammatory response,regulatory and receptor activation, and the like, can be measured bythis method (see, for example, McConnell et al., Science 257:1906(1992), Pitchford et al., Meth. Enzymol. 228:84 (1997), Arimilli et al.,J. Immunol. Meth. 212:49 (1998), Van Liefde et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol.346:87 (1998)). The microphysiometer can be used for assayingeukaryotic, prokaryotic, adherent, or non-adherent cells. By measuringextracellular acidification changes in cell media over time, themicrophysiometer directly measures cellular responses to variousstimuli, including agonists, ligands, or antagonists of Ztnfr12.

For example, the microphysiometer is used to measure responses of aZtnfr12-expressing eukaryotic cell, compared to a control eukaryoticcell that does not express Ztnfr12 polypeptide. Suitable cellsresponsive to Ztnfr12-modulating stimuli include recombinant host cellscomprising a Ztnfr12 expression vector, and cells that naturally expressZtnfr12. Extracellular acidification provides one measure for aZtnfr12-modulated cellular response. In addition, this approach can beused to identify ligands, agonists, and antagonists of Ztnfr12 ligands.For example, a molecule can be identified as an agonist of Ztnfr12ligand by providing cells that express a Ztnfr12 polypeptide, culturinga first portion of the cells in the absence of the test compound,culturing a second portion of the cells in the presence of the testcompound, and determining whether the second portion exhibits a cellularresponse, in comparison with the first portion.

Alternatively, a solid phase system can be used to identify a newZtnfr12 ligand, or an agonist or antagonist of ZTNF4. For example, aZtnfr12 polypeptide or Ztnfr12 fusion protein can be immobilized ontothe surface of a receptor chip of a commercially available biosensorinstrument (BIACOR^(E), Biacore AB; Uppsala, Sweden). The use of thisinstrument is disclosed, for example, by Karlsson, Immunol. Methods145:229 (1991), and Cunningham and Wells, J. Mol. Biol. 234:554 (1993).

In brief, a Ztnfr12 polypeptide or fusion protein is covalentlyattached, using amine or sulfhydryl chemistry, to dextran fibers thatare attached to gold film within a flow cell. A test sample is thenpassed through the cell. If a ligand is present in the sample, it willbind to the immobilized polypeptide or fusion protein, causing a changein the refractive index of the medium, which is detected as a change insurface plasmon resonance of the gold film. This system allows thedetermination of on- and off-rates, from which binding affinity can becalculated, and assessment of stoichiometry of binding. This system canalso be used to examine antibody-antigen interactions, and theinteractions of other complement/anti-complement pairs.

Ztnfr12 binding domains can be further characterized by physicalanalysis of structure, as determined by such techniques as nuclearmagnetic resonance, crystallography, electron diffraction orphotoaffinity labeling, in conjunction with mutation of putative contactsite amino acids of Ztnfr12 ligand agonists. See, for example, de Vos etal., Science 255:306 (1992), Smith et al., J. Mol. Biol. 224:899 (1992),and Wlodaver et al., FEBS Lett. 309:59 (1992).

The present invention also contemplates chemically modified Ztnfr12compositions, in which a Ztnfr12 polypeptide is linked with a polymer.Illustrative Ztnfr12 polypeptides are soluble polypeptides that lack afunctional transmembrane domain, such as a polypeptide consisting ofamino acid residues 1 to about 69 of SEQ ID NO:2, or a polypeptideconsisting of amino acid residues 1 to about 79 of SEQ ID NO:2.Typically, the polymer is water-soluble so that the Ztnfr12 conjugatedoes not precipitate in an aqueous environment, such as a physiologicalenvironment. An example of a suitable polymer is one that has beenmodified to have a single reactive group, such as an active ester foracylation, or an aldehyde for alkylation, In this way, the degree ofpolymerization can be controlled. An example of a reactive aldehyde ispolyethylene glycol propionaldehyde, or mono-(C₁-C₁₀) alkoxy, or aryloxyderivatives thereof (see, for example, Harris, et al., U.S. Pat. No.5,252,714). The polymer may be branched or unbranched. Moreover, amixture of polymers can be used to produce Ztnfr12 conjugates.

Ztnfr12 conjugates used for therapy can comprise pharmaceuticallyacceptable water-soluble polymer moieties. Suitable water-solublepolymers include polyethylene glycol (PEG), monomethoxy-PEG,mono-(C₁-C₁₀)alkoxy-PEG, aryloxy-PEG, poly-(N-vinyl pyrrolidone)PEG,tresyl monomethoxy PEG, PEG propionaldehyde, bis-succinimidyl carbonatePEG, propylene glycol homopolymers, a polypropylene oxide/ethylene oxideco-polymer, polyoxyethylated polyols (e.g., glycerol), polyvinylalcohol, dextran, cellulose, or other carbohydrate-based polymers.Suitable PEG may have a molecular weight from about 600 to about 60,000,including, for example, 5,000, 12,000, 20,000 and 25,000. A Ztnfr12conjugate can also comprise a mixture of such water-soluble polymers.

One example of a Ztnfr12 conjugate comprises a Ztnfr12 moiety and apolyalkyl oxide moiety attached to the N-terminus of the Ztnfr12 moiety.PEG is one suitable polyalkyl oxide. As an illustration, Ztnfr12 can bemodified with PEG, a process known as “PEGylation.” PEGylation ofZtnfr12 can be carried out by any of the PEGylation reactions known inthe art (see, for example, EP 0 154 316, Delgado et al., CriticalReviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 9:249 (1992), Duncan andSpreafico, Clin. Pharmacokinet. 27:290 (1994), and Francis et al., Int JHematol 68:1 (1998)). For example, PEGylation can be performed by anacylation reaction or by an alkylation reaction with a reactivepolyethylene glycol molecule. In an alternative approach, Ztnfr12conjugates are formed by condensing activated PEG, in which a terminalhydroxy or amino group of PEG has been replaced by an activated linker(see, for example, Karasiewicz et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,657).

PEGylation by acylation typically requires reacting an active esterderivative of PEG with a Ztnfr12 polypeptide. An example of an activatedPEG ester is PEG esterified to N-hydroxysuccinimide As used herein, theterm “acylation” includes the following types of linkages betweenZtnfr12 and a water-soluble polymer: amide, carbamate, urethane, and thelike. Methods for preparing PEGylated Ztnfr12 by acylation willtypically comprise the steps of (a) reacting a Ztnfr12 polypeptide withPEG (such as a reactive ester of an aldehyde derivative of PEG) underconditions whereby one or more PEG groups attach to Ztnfr12, and (b)obtaining the reaction product(s). Generally, the optimal reactionconditions for acylation reactions will be determined based upon knownparameters and desired results. For example, the larger the ratio ofPEG:Ztnfr12, the greater the percentage of polyPEGylated Ztnfr12product.

The product of PEGylation by acylation is typically a polyPEGylatedZtnfr12 product, wherein the lysine ε-amino groups are PEGylated via anacyl linking group. An example of a connecting linkage is an amide.Typically, the resulting Ztnfr12 will be at least 95% mono-, di-, ortri-pegylated, although some species with higher degrees of PEGylationmay be formed depending upon the reaction conditions. PEGylated speciescan be separated from unconjugated Ztnfr12 polypeptides using standardpurification methods, such as dialysis, ultrafiltration, ion exchangechromatography, affinity chromatography, and the like.

PEGylation by alkylation generally involves reacting a terminal aldehydederivative of PEG with Ztnfr12 in the presence of a reducing agent. PEGgroups can be attached to the polypeptide via a —CH₂—NH group.

Derivatization via reductive alkylation to produce a monoPEGylatedproduct takes advantage of the differential reactivity of differenttypes of primary amino groups available for derivatization. Typically,the reaction is performed at a pH that allows one to take advantage ofthe pKa differences between the ε-amino groups of the lysine residuesand the α-amino group of the N-terminal residue of the protein. By suchselective derivatization, attachment of a water-soluble polymer thatcontains a reactive group such as an aldehyde, to a protein iscontrolled. The conjugation with the polymer occurs predominantly at theN-terminus of the protein without significant modification of otherreactive groups such as the lysine side chain amino groups. The presentinvention provides a substantially homogenous preparation of Ztnfr12monopolymer conjugates.

Reductive alkylation to produce a substantially homogenous population ofmonopolymer Ztnfr12 conjugate molecule can comprise the steps of: (a)reacting a Ztnfr12 polypeptide with a reactive PEG under reductivealkylation conditions at a pH suitable to permit selective modificationof the α-amino group at the amino terminus of the Ztnfr12, and (b)obtaining the reaction product(s). The reducing agent used for reductivealkylation should be stable in aqueous solution and able to reduce onlythe Schiff base formed in the initial process of reductive alkylation.Illustrative reducing agents include sodium borohydride, sodiumcyanoborohydride, dimethylamine borane, trimethylamine borane, andpyridine borane.

For a substantially homogenous population of monopolymer Ztnfr12conjugates, the reductive alkylation reaction conditions are those whichpermit the selective attachment of the water soluble polymer moiety tothe N-terminus of Ztnfr12. Such reaction conditions generally providefor pKa differences between the lysine amino groups and the α-aminogroup at the N-terminus. The pH also affects the ratio of polymer toprotein to be used. In general, if the pH is lower, a larger excess ofpolymer to protein will be desired because the less reactive theN-terminal α-group, the more polymer is needed to achieve optimalconditions. If the pH is higher, the polymer:Ztnfr12 need not be aslarge because more reactive groups are available. Typically, the pH willfall within the range of 3 to 9, or 3 to 6.

Another factor to consider is the molecular weight of the water-solublepolymer. Generally, the higher the molecular weight of the polymer, thefewer number of polymer molecules which may be attached to the protein.For PEGylation reactions, the typical molecular weight is about 2 kDa toabout 100 kDa, about 5 kDa to about 50 kDa, or about 12 kDa to about 25kDa. The molar ratio of water-soluble polymer to Ztnfr12 will generallybe in the range of 1:1 to 100:1. Typically, the molar ratio ofwater-soluble polymer to Ztnfr12 will be 1:1 to 20:1 for polyPEGylation,and 1:1 to 5:1 for monoPEGylation.

General methods for producing conjugates comprising a polypeptide andwater-soluble polymer moieties are known in the art. See, for example,Karasiewicz et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,657, Greenwald et al., U.S. Pat.No. 5,738,846, Nieforth et al., Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 59:636 (1996),Monkarsh et al., Anal. Biochem. 247:434 (1997)).

The present invention contemplates compositions comprising a peptide orpolypeptide described herein. Such compositions can further comprise acarrier. The carrier can be a conventional organic or inorganic carrier.Examples of carriers include water, buffer solution, alcohol, propyleneglycol, macrogol, sesame oil, corn oil, and the like.

In addition, compositions can comprise a carrier, a Ztnfr12 polypeptide,and at least one of a TACI polypeptide or a BCMA polypeptide. Certaincompositions can comprise soluble forms of these receptors. Examples ofsuch compositions include compositions comprising carrier, a Ztnfr12polypeptide comprising amino acid residues 7 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2 (e.g.,a polypeptide consisting of amino acid residues 1 to 79, 1 to 69, 7 to79, 1 to 71, or 7 to 71, of SEQ ID NO:2), and (1) a BCMA polypeptidecomprising amino acid residues 1 to 51 of SEQ ID NO:7, (2) a TACIpolypeptide comprising amino acid residues 1 to 166 of SEQ ID NO:8, or(3) a BCMA polypeptide comprising amino acid residues 1 to 51 of SEQ IDNO:7, and a TACI polypeptide comprising amino acid residues 1 to 166 ofSEQ ID NO:8.

7. Assays for Ztnfr12 Polypeptides and Fusion Proteins

The function of Ztnfr12 polypeptides and Ztnfr12-immunoglobulin fusionproteins can be examined using a variety of approaches to assess theability of the fusion proteins to bind ZTNF4. For example, one approachmeasures the ability of Ztnfr12 polypeptides or Ztnfr12-immunoglobulinfusion protein to compete with Ztnfr12-coated plates for binding of¹²⁵I-labeled ZTNF4. As an illustration, 50 μg of the ZTNF4 can belabeled with 4 mCi of ¹²⁵I using a single IODO-BEAD (Pierce; Rockford,Ill.). The reaction is quenched with a 0.25% solution of bovine serumalbumin, and the free ¹²⁵I is removed by gel filtration using a PD-10column (Pierce). The specific radioactivity of ¹²⁵I-ZTNF4 preparationsis determined by trichloroacetic acid precipitation before and after thedesalting step. An N-terminal fragment of the Ztnfr12 receptor,designated as “Ztnfr12-N,” is added to 96-well plates (e.g., 100 μl at0.1 μg/ml), and incubated overnight at 4° C. The plates are washed,blocked with SUPERBLOCK (Pierce), and washed again. The Ztnfr12polypeptides or Ztnfr12-Fc constructs, at various concentrations rangingfrom 0 to about 12 ng/ml, are mixed with a fixed concentration of¹²⁵I-ZTNF4, and incubated for about two hours at 37° C. on the platecoated with Ztnfr12-N. Controls contain either Ztnfr12-N in solution, orlack Ztnfr12 polypeptides or Ztnfr12-Fc constructs. After incubation,the plates are washed and counted.

In another approach, increasing concentrations of ¹²⁵I labeled ZTNF4 areincubated with Ztnfr12 polypeptides or Ztnfr12-Fc constructs, and theradioactivity associated with precipitated ZTNF4-Ztnfr12 polypeptidecomplexes, or ZTNF4-Ztnfr12-Fc complexes, is determined As anillustration, about 0.05 nM of Ztnfr12 polypeptides or Ztnfr12-Fcconstruct can be incubated with about 0.4 μM to about 1.5 nM ¹²⁵I-ZTNF4for 30 minutes at room temperature in a total volume of 0.25 ml/tube. APansorbin (Staph A) suspension is added to each tube, and after 15minutes, the samples are centrifuged, washed twice, and the pelletscounted. Nonspecific binding is determined by the addition of 130 nMunlabeled ZTNF4 to the ¹²⁵I-ZTNF4/Ztnfr12 polypeptide mix, or to the¹²⁵I-ZTNF4/Ztnfr12-Fc mix. Specific binding is calculated by subtractingthe cpm bound in the presence of unlabeled ZTNF4 from the total cpmbound at each concentration of ¹²⁵I-ZTNF4.

Alternatively, Ztnfr12 polypeptides and Ztnfr12-immunoglobulin fusionproteins can be characterized by the ability to inhibit the stimulationof human B cells by soluble ZTNF4, as described by Gross et al.,international publication No. WO00/40716. Briefly, human B cells areisolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using CD19 magneticbeads and the VarioMacs magnetic separation system (Miltenyi Biotec;Auburn, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Purified Bcells are mixed with soluble ZTNF4 (25 ng/ml) and recombinant human IL-4(10 ng/ml Pharmingen), and the cells are plated onto round bottom 96well plates at 1×10⁵ cells per well.

Ztnfr12 polypeptides or Ztnfr12-immunoglobulin proteins can be dilutedfrom about 5 μg/ml to about 6 ng/ml, and incubated with the B cells forfive days, pulsing overnight on day four with 1 μCi ³H-thymidine perwell. As a control, Ztnfr12 polypeptides or Ztnfr12-immunoglobulinprotein can also be incubated with B cells and IL-4 without ZTNF4.Plates are harvested using Packard plate harvester, and counted usingthe Packard reader.

Well-established animal models are available to test in vivo efficacy ofZtnfr12 polypeptides or Ztnfr12-immunoglobulin proteins in certaindisease states. For example, Ztnfr12 polypeptides orZtnfr12-immunoglobulin proteins can be tested in a number of animalmodels of autoimmune disease, such as MRL-lpr/lpr or NZB×NZW F1 congenicmouse strains, which serve as a model of SLE (systemic lupuserythematosus). Such animal models are known in the art (see, forexample, Cohen and Miller (Eds.), Autoimmune Disease Models: A Guidebook(Academic Press, Inc. 1994).

Offspring of a cross between New Zealand Black (NZB) and New ZealandWhite (NZW) mice develop a spontaneous form of SLE that closelyresembles SLE in humans. The offspring mice, known as NZBW begin todevelop IgM autoantibodies against T-cells at one month of age, and byfive to seven months of age, anti-DNA autoantibodies are the dominantimmunoglobulin. Polyclonal B-cell hyperactivity leads to overproductionof autoantibodies. The deposition of these autoantibodies, particularlythose directed against single stranded DNA, is associated with thedevelopment of glomerulonephritis, which manifests clinically asproteinuria, azotemia, and death from renal failure.

Kidney failure is the leading cause of death in mice affected withspontaneous SLE, and in the NZBW strain, this process is chronic andobliterative. The disease is more rapid and severe in females thanmales, with mean survival of only 245 days as compared to 406 days forthe males. While many of the female mice will be symptomatic(proteinuria) by seven to nine months of age, some can be much youngeror older when they develop symptoms. The fatal immune nephritis seen inthe NZBW mice is very similar to the glomerulonephritis seen in humanSLE, making this spontaneous murine model very attractive for testing ofpotential SLE therapeutics (Putterman and Naparstek, “Murine Models ofSpontaneous Systemic Lupus Erythematosus,” in Autoimmune Disease Models:A Guidebook, pages 217-234 (Academic Press, Inc., 1994); Mohan et al.,J. Immunol. 154:1470 (1995); and Daikh et al., J. Immunol. 159:3104(1997)).

As described by Gross et al., international publication No. WO00/40716,TACI-immunoglobulin proteins, which bind ZTNF4, can be administered toNZBW mice to monitor its suppressive effect on B cells over thefive-week period when, on average, B-cell autoantibody production isbelieved to be at high levels in NZBW mice. This method can be appliedto determine efficacy of a Ztnfr12 polypeptide of Ztnfr12-immunoglobulinfusion protein. Briefly, one hundred 8-week old female (NZB×NZW)F₁ micecan be divided into six groups of 15 mice. Prior to treatment, the miceare monitored once a month for urine protein, and blood is drawn for CBCand serum banking. Serum can be screened for the presence ofautoantibodies. Because proteinuria is the hallmark sign ofglomerulonephritis, urine protein levels are monitored by dipstick atregular intervals over the course of the study. Treatment can begin whenmice are approximately five months of age. Mice can receiveintraperitoneal injections of vehicle only (phosphate buffered saline)or human immunoglobulin (control protein) or Ztnfr12-immunoglobulinprotein (e.g., 20 to 100 μg test protein per dose) three times a weekfor five weeks. Similar studies can be performed with Ztnfr12polypeptides.

Blood is collected twice during treatment, and will be collected atleast twice following treatment. Urine dipstick values for proteinuriaand body weights are determined every two weeks after treatment begins.Blood, urine dipstick value and body weight are collected at the time ofeuthanasia. The spleen and thymus are divided for fluorescent activatedcell sorting analysis and histology. Submandibular salivary glands,mesenteric lymph node chain, liver lobe with gall bladder, cecum andlarge intestine, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, right kidney,adrenal gland, tongue with trachea and esophagus, heart and lungs arealso collected for histology.

Murine models for experimental allergic encephalomyelitis have been usedas a tool to investigate both the mechanisms of immune-mediated disease,and methods of potential therapeutic intervention. The model resembleshuman multiple sclerosis, and produces demyelination as a result ofT-cell activation to neuroproteins such as myelin basic protein, orproteolipid protein. Inoculation with antigen leads to induction ofCD4+, class II MHC-restricted T-cells (Th1). Changes in the protocol forexperimental allergic encephalomyelitis can produce acute,chronic-relapsing, or passive-transfer variants of the model (Weinberget al., J. Immunol. 162:1818 (1999); Mijaba et al., Cell. Immunol 186:94(1999); and Glabinski, Meth. Enzym. 288:182 (1997)).

Gross et al., international publication No. WO00/40716, describe oneapproach to evaluating the efficacy of TACI-immunoglobulin proteins inthe amelioration of symptoms associated with experimental allergicencephalomyelitis. Briefly, 25 female PLxSJL F1 mice (12 weeks old) aregiven a subcutaneous injection of 125 μg/mouse of antigen (myelinProteolipid Protein, PLP, residues 139-151), formulated in completeFreund's Adjuvant. The mice are divided into five groups of five mice.Intraperitoneal injections of pertussis toxin (400 ng) are given on Day0 and 2. The groups are given a 1×, 10×, or 100× dose ofTACI-immunoglobulin protein, one group will receive vehicle only, andone group will receive no treatment. Prevention therapy begins on Day 0,intervention therapy begins on day 7, or at onset of clinical signs.Signs of disease, weight loss, and paralysis manifest in approximately10 to 14 days, and last for about one week. Animals are assessed dailyby collecting body weights and assigning a clinical score to correspondto the extent of their symptoms. Clinical signs of experimental allergicencephalomyelitis appear within 10 to 14 days of inoculation and persistfor approximately one week. At the end of the study, all animals areeuthanized by gas overdose, and necropsied. The brain and spinal columnare collected for histology or frozen for mRNA analysis. Body weight andclinical score data are plotted by individual and by group. Thisapproach can be used to test Ztnfr12 polypeptides orZtnfr12-immunoglobulin fusion proteins.

In the collagen-induced arthritis model, mice develop chronicinflammatory arthritis, which closely resembles human rheumatoidarthritis. Since collagen-induced arthritis shares similar immunologicaland pathological features with rheumatoid arthritis, this makes it anideal model for screening potential human anti-inflammatory compounds.Another advantage in using the collagen-induced arthritis model is thatthe mechanisms of pathogenesis are known. The T and B cell epitopes ontype II collagen have been identified, and various immunological(delayed-type hypersensitivity and anti-collagen antibody) andinflammatory (cytokines, chemokines, and matrix-degrading enzymes)parameters relating to immune-mediating arthritis have been determined,and can be used to assess test compound efficacy in the models (Wooley,Curr. Opin. Rheum. 3:407 (1999); Williams et al., Immunol 89:9784(1992); Myers et al., Life Sci. 61:1861 (1997); and Wang et al.,Immunol. 92:8955 (1995)).

Gross et al., international publication No. WO00/40716, describe amethod for evaluating the efficacy of TACI-immunoglobulin proteins inthe amelioration of symptoms associated with collagen-induced arthritis.In brief, eight-week old male DBA/1J mice (Jackson Labs) are dividedinto groups of five mice/group and are given two subcutaneous injectionsof 50 to 100 μl of 1 mg/ml collagen (chick or bovine origin), at threeweek intervals. One control does not receive collagen injections. Thefirst injection is formulated in Complete Freund's Adjuvant, and thesecond injection is formulated in Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant.TACI-immunoglobulin protein is administered prophylactically at orbefore the second injection, or after the animal develops a clinicalscore of two or more that persists at least 24 hours. Animals begin toshow symptoms of arthritis following the second collagen injection,usually within two to three weeks. For example, TACI-Fc, a controlprotein, human IgFc, or phosphate-buffered saline (vehicle) can beadministered prophylactically beginning seven days before the secondinjection (day −7). Proteins can be administered at 100 mg, given threetimes a week as a 200 l intraperitoneal injection, and continued forfour weeks. The extent of disease is evaluated in each paw using acaliper to measure paw thickness and assigning a clinical score to eachpaw. For example, a clinical score of “0” indicates a normal mouse, ascore of “1” indicates that one or more toes are inflamed, a score of“2” indicates mild paw inflammation, a score of “3” indicates moderatepaw inflammation, and a score of “4” indicates severe paw inflammationAnimals are euthanized after the disease as been established for a setperiod of time, usually seven days. Paws are collected for histology ormRNA analysis, and serum is collected for immunoglobulin and cytokineassays. The collagen-induced arthritis model can be used to test Ztnfr12polypeptides or Ztnfr12-immunoglobulin fusion proteins.

Myasthenia gravis is another autoimmune disease for which murine modelsare available. Myasthenia gravis is a disorder of neuromusculartransmission involving the production of autoantibodies directed againstthe nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. This disease is acquired orinherited with clinical features including abnormal weakness and fatigueon exertion.

A murine model of myasthenia gravis has been established. (Christadosset al., “Establishment of a Mouse Model of Myasthenia gravis WhichMimics Human Myasthenia gravid Pathogenesis for Immune Intervention,” inImmunobiology of Proteins and Peptides VIII, Atassi and Bixler (Eds.),pages 195-199 (1995)). Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis is anantibody mediated disease characterized by the presence of antibodies toacetylcholine receptor. These antibodies destroy the receptor leading todefective neuromuscular electrical impulses, resulting in muscleweakness. In the experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis model, miceare immunized with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Clinical signsof myasthenia gravis become evident weeks after the second immunization.Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis is evaluated by severalmethods including measuring serum levels of acetylcholine receptorantibodies by radioimmunoassay (Christadoss and Dauphinee, J. Immunol.136:2437 (1986); Lindstrom et al., Methods Enzymol. 74:432 (1981)),measuring muscle acetylcholine receptor, or electromyography (Coligan etal. (Eds.), Protocols in Immunology. Vol. 3, page 15.8.1 (John Wiley &Sons, 1997)).

The effect of Ztnfr12 polypeptides or Zntfr12-immunoglobulin fusionproteins on experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis can be determinedby administering fusion proteins during ongoing clinical myastheniagravis in B6 mice. For example, 100 B6 mice are immunized with 20 gacetylcholine receptor in complete Freund's adjuvant on days 0 and 30.Approximately 40 to 60% of mice will develop moderate (grade 2) tosevere (grade 3) clinical myasthenia gravis after the boost withacetylcholine receptor. Mice with grade 2 and 3 clinical disease aredivided into three groups (with equal grades of weakness) and weighed(mice with weakness also lose weight, since they have difficulty inconsuming food and water) and bled for serum (for pre-treatmentanti-acetylcholine receptor antibody and isotype level). Group A isinjected I.P with phosphate buffered saline, group B is injectedintraperitoneally with human IgG-Fc as a control protein (100 mg), andgroup C is injected with 100 μg of Ztnfr12 polypeptides orZntfr12-immunoglobulin fusion proteins three times a week for fourweeks. Mice are screened for clinical muscle weakness twice a week, andweighed and bled for serum 15 and 30 days after the commencement oftreatment. Whole blood is collected on day 15 to determine T/B cellratio by fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis using markers B220and CD5. Surviving mice are killed 30 to 45 days after the initiation oftreatment, and their carcasses are frozen for later extraction of muscleacetylcholine receptor to determine the loss of muscle acetylcholinereceptor, the primary pathology in myasthenia gravis (see, for example,Coligan et al. (Eds.), Protocols in Immunology. Vol. 3, page 15.8.1(John Wiley & Sons, 1997)).

Serum antibodies to mouse muscle acetylcholine receptor can bedetermined by an established radioimmunoassay, and anti-acetylcholinereceptor antibody isotypes (IgM, IgG1, IgG2b and IgG2c) is measured byELISA. Such methods are known. The effects of Ztnfr12 polypeptides orZntfr12-immunoglobulin fusion proteins on ongoing clinical myastheniagravis, anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody and isotype level, andmuscle acetylcholine receptor loss are determined.

Approximately 100 mice can be immunized with 20 μg acetylcholinereceptor in complete Freund's adjuvant on day 0 and 30. Mice withclinical myasthenia gravis are divided into four groups. Group A isinjected intraperitoneally with 100 μg control Fc, group B is injectedwith 20 μg control Fc, group C is injected with 100 μg Ztnfr12polypeptide or Zntfr12-immunoglobulin fusion protein, and group D isinjected with 20 mg Ztnfr12 polypeptide or Zntfr12-immunoglobulin fusionprotein three times a week for four weeks. Mice are weighed and bled forserum before, and 15 and 30 days after the start of the treatment. Serumis tested for anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody and isotypes asdescribed above. Muscle acetylcholine receptor loss can also bemeasured.

These in vitro and in vivo assays can also be used to evaluate Ztnfr12antibody components, antibody fusion proteins, immunoconjugates, and thelike. Other suitable assays of Ztnfr12 polypeptides,Zntfr12-immunoglobulin fusion proteins, or Ztnfr12 antibody componentscan be determined by those of skill in the art.

8. Isolation of Ztnfr12 Polypeptides

The polypeptides of the present invention can be purified to at leastabout 80% purity, to at least about 90% purity, to at least about 95%purity, or greater than 95% purity with respect to contaminatingmacromolecules, particularly other proteins and nucleic acids, and freeof infectious and pyrogenic agents. The polypeptides of the presentinvention may also be purified to a pharmaceutically pure state, whichis greater than 99.9% pure. In certain preparations, purifiedpolypeptide is substantially free of other polypeptides, particularlyother polypeptides of animal origin.

Fractionation and/or conventional purification methods can be used toobtain preparations of Ztnfr12 purified from natural sources (e.g.,lymph node tissue), synthetic Ztnfr12 polypeptides, and recombinantZtnfr12 polypeptides and fusion Ztnfr12 polypeptides purified fromrecombinant host cells. In general, ammonium sulfate precipitation andacid or chaotrope extraction may be used for fractionation of samples.Exemplary purification steps may include hydroxyapatite, size exclusion,FPLC and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Suitablechromatographic media include derivatized dextrans, agarose, cellulose,polyacrylamide, specialty silicas, and the like. PEI, DEAE, QAE and Qderivatives are suitable. Exemplary chromatographic media include thosemedia derivatized with phenyl, butyl, or octyl groups, such asPhenyl-Sepharose FF (Pharmacia), Toyopearl butyl 650 (Toso Haas,Montgomeryville, Pa.), Octyl-Sepharose (Pharmacia) and the like; orpolyacrylic resins, such as Amberchrom CG 71 (Toso Haas) and the like.Suitable solid supports include glass beads, silica-based resins,cellulosic resins, agarose beads, cross-linked agarose beads,polystyrene beads, cross-linked polyacrylamide resins and the like thatare insoluble under the conditions in which they are to be used. Thesesupports may be modified with reactive groups that allow attachment ofproteins by amino groups, carboxyl groups, sulfhydryl groups, hydroxylgroups and/or carbohydrate moieties.

Examples of coupling chemistries include cyanogen bromide activation,N-hydroxysuccinimide activation, epoxide activation, sulfhydrylactivation, hydrazide activation, and carboxyl and amino derivatives forcarbodiimide coupling chemistries. These and other solid media are wellknown and widely used in the art, and are available from commercialsuppliers. Selection of a particular method for polypeptide isolationand purification is a matter of routine design and is determined in partby the properties of the chosen support. See, for example, AffinityChromatography: Principles & Methods (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology 1988),and Doonan, Protein Purification Protocols (The Humana Press 1996).

Additional variations in Ztnfr12 isolation and purification can bedevised by those of skill in the art. For example, anti-Ztnfr12antibodies, obtained as described below, can be used to isolate largequantities of protein by immunoaffinity purification.

The polypeptides of the present invention can also be isolated byexploitation of particular properties. For example, immobilized metalion adsorption (IMAC) chromatography can be used to purifyhistidine-rich proteins, including those comprising polyhistidine tags.Briefly, a gel is first charged with divalent metal ions to form achelate (Sulkowski, Trends in Biochem. 3:1 (1985)). Histidine-richproteins will be adsorbed to this matrix with differing affinities,depending upon the metal ion used, and will be eluted by competitiveelution, lowering the pH, or use of strong chelating agents. Othermethods of purification include purification of glycosylated proteins bylectin affinity chromatography and ion exchange chromatography (M.Deutscher, (ed.), Meth. Enzymol. 182:529 (1990)). Within additionalembodiments of the invention, a fusion of the polypeptide of interestand an affinity tag (e.g., maltose-binding protein, an immunoglobulindomain) may be constructed to facilitate purification.

Ztnfr12 polypeptides or fragments thereof may also be prepared throughchemical synthesis, as described above. Ztnfr12 polypeptides may bemonomers or multimers; glycosylated or non-glycosylated; PEGylated ornon-PEGylated; and may or may not include an initial methionine aminoacid residue.

9. Production of Antibodies to Ztnfr12 Proteins

Antibodies to Ztnfr12 can be obtained, for example, using the product ofa Ztnfr12 expression vector or Ztnfr12 isolated from a natural source asan antigen. Particularly useful anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies “bindspecifically” with Ztnfr12. Antibodies are considered to be specificallybinding if the antibodies exhibit at least one of the following twoproperties: (1) antibodies bind to Ztnfr12 with a threshold level ofbinding activity, and (2) antibodies do not significantly cross-reactwith polypeptides related to Ztnfr12.

With regard to the first characteristic, antibodies specifically bind ifthey bind to a Ztnfr12 polypeptide, peptide or epitope with a bindingaffinity (K_(a)) of 10⁶M⁻¹ or greater, preferably 10⁷ M⁻¹ or greater,more preferably 10⁸ M⁻¹ or greater, and most preferably 10⁹ M⁻¹ orgreater. The binding affinity of an antibody can be readily determinedby one of ordinary skill in the art, for example, by Scatchard analysis(Scatchard, Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 51:660 (1949)). With regard to the secondcharacteristic, antibodies do not significantly cross-react with relatedpolypeptide molecules, for example, if they detect Ztnfr12, but notpresently known polypeptides using a standard Western blot analysis.Examples of known related polypeptides include known tumor necrosisfactor receptors. For example, certain anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies bind withZtnfr12, but not with TACI or BCMA.

Anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies can be produced using antigenic Ztnfr12epitope-bearing peptides and polypeptides. Antigenic epitope-bearingpeptides and polypeptides of the present invention contain a sequence ofat least nine, or between 15 to about 30 amino acids contained withinSEQ ID NO:2 or another amino acid sequence disclosed herein. However,peptides or polypeptides comprising a larger portion of an amino acidsequence of the invention, containing from 30 to 50 amino acids, or anylength up to and including the entire amino acid sequence of apolypeptide of the invention, also are useful for inducing antibodiesthat bind with Ztnfr12. It is desirable that the amino acid sequence ofthe epitope-bearing peptide is selected to provide substantialsolubility in aqueous solvents (i.e., the sequence includes relativelyhydrophilic residues, while hydrophobic residues are typically avoided).Moreover, amino acid sequences containing proline residues may be alsobe desirable for antibody production.

As an illustration, potential antigenic sites in Ztnfr12 were identifiedusing the Jameson-Wolf method, Jameson and Wolf, CABIOS 4:181, (1988),as implemented by the PROTEAN program (version 3.14) of LASERGENE(DNASTAR; Madison, Wis.). Default parameters were used in this analysis.

The Jameson-Wolf method predicts potential antigenic determinants bycombining six major subroutines for protein structural prediction.Briefly, the Hopp-Woods method, Hopp et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA78:3824 (1981), was first used to identify amino acid sequencesrepresenting areas of greatest local hydrophilicity (parameter: sevenresidues averaged). In the second step, Emini's method, Emini et al., J.Virology 55:836 (1985), was used to calculate surface probabilities(parameter: surface decision threshold (0.6)=1). Third, theKarplus-Schultz method, Karplus and Schultz, Naturwissenschaften 72:212(1985), was used to predict backbone chain flexibility (parameter:flexibility threshold (0.2)=1). In the fourth and fifth steps of theanalysis, secondary structure predictions were applied to the data usingthe methods of Chou-Fasman, Chou, “Prediction of Protein StructuralClasses from Amino Acid Composition,” in Prediction of Protein Structureand the Principles of Protein Conformation, Fasman (ed.), pages 549-586(Plenum Press 1990), and Garnier-Robson, Garnier et al., J. Mol. Biol.120:97 (1978) (Chou-Fasman parameters: conformation table=64 proteins; aregion threshold=103; β region threshold=105; Garnier-Robson parameters:α and β decision constants=0). In the sixth subroutine, flexibilityparameters and hydropathy/solvent accessibility factors were combined todetermine a surface contour value, designated as the “antigenic index.”Finally, a peak broadening function was applied to the antigenic index,which broadens major surface peaks by adding 20, 40, 60, or 80% of therespective peak value to account for additional free energy derived fromthe mobility of surface regions relative to interior regions. Thiscalculation was not applied, however, to any major peak that resides ina helical region, since helical regions tend to be less flexible.

The results of this analysis indicated that the following amino acidsequences of SEQ ID NO:2 would provide suitable antigenic molecules:amino acids 1 to 17, amino acids 39 to 64, 102 to 129, amino acids 135to 142, amino acids 146 to 159, and amino acids 174 to 182. The presentinvention contemplates the use of any one of these antigenic amino acidsequences to generate antibodies to Ztnfr12. The present invention alsocontemplates polypeptides comprising at least one of these antigenicmolecules.

Similarly, the results of Jameson-Wolf analysis indicated that thefollowing amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO:13 would provide suitableantigenic molecules: amino acids 10 to 26, amino acids 45 to 69, 106 to113, and amino acids 139 to 151. The present invention contemplates theuse of any one of these antigenic amino acid sequences to generateantibodies to murine Ztnfr12. The present invention also contemplatespolypeptides comprising at least one of these antigenic molecules.

Useful antibodies can also be produced using antigenic molecules thatcomprise at least one Ztnfr12 exon of the human gene. For example, suchantigenic molecules can comprise polypeptides that consist of thefollowing amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO:2: amino acid residues 1 to45, amino acid residues 47 to 122, and amino acid residues 124 to 184.

Antibodies that block signal transduction by ZTNF4 can be useful intherapeutic applications. Blocking anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies can beidentified, for example, by their inhibition of biotin-ZTNF4 binding toZtnfr12 on tumor cell lines. Antibodies that bind with the Ztnfr12intracellular domain can also be used to block ZTNF4-induced signaltransduction. Such antibodies can bind the intracellular domain ofZtnfr12 within amino acid residues 101 to 184 of SEQ ID NO:2. Inaddition, a potential TRAF binding domain resides at amino acid residues159 to 178 of SEQ ID NO:2. Thus, certain signal-blocking antibodies canbind the intracellular domain of Ztnfr12 within this region. The presentinvention includes antibodies that bind Ztnfr12 within amino acidresidues 159 to 178 of SEQ ID NO:2. Standard methods are available tointroduce antibodies to the intracellular compartment of cells. Forexample, such antibodies can be encapsulated in liposomes.

Signal-inducing anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies are also useful. Antibodies thatinduce a signal by binding to a Ztnfr12 receptor can also be identifiedusing a suitable reporter cell line that contains a transcriptionalreporter element and Ztnfr12. As an illustration, an engineeredmammalian cell line (e.g., Jurkat), which expresses Ztnfr12, and atranscriptional reporter gene can be used to test anti-Ztnfr12monoclonal antibodies for their ability to stimulate transcription of areporter gene (e.g., luciferase).

Polyclonal antibodies to recombinant Ztnfr12 protein or to Ztnfr12isolated from natural sources can be prepared using methods well-knownto those of skill in the art. See, for example, Green et al.,“Production of Polyclonal Antisera,” in Immunochemical Protocols(Manson, ed.), pages 1-5 (Humana Press 1992), and Williams et al.,“Expression of foreign proteins in E. coli using plasmid vectors andpurification of specific polyclonal antibodies,” in DNA Cloning 2:Expression Systems, 2nd Edition, Glover et al. (eds.), page 15 (OxfordUniversity Press 1995). The immunogenicity of a Ztnfr12 polypeptide canbe increased through the use of an adjuvant, such as alum (aluminumhydroxide) or Freund's complete or incomplete adjuvant. Polypeptidesuseful for immunization also include fusion polypeptides, such asfusions of Ztnfr12 or a portion thereof with an immunoglobulinpolypeptide or with maltose binding protein. The polypeptide immunogenmay be a full-length molecule or a portion thereof. If the polypeptideportion is “hapten-like,” such portion may be advantageously joined orlinked to a macromolecular carrier (such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin(KLH), bovine serum albumin (BSA) or tetanus toxoid) for immunization.

Although polyclonal antibodies are typically raised in animals such ashorses, cows, dogs, chicken, rats, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, goats, orsheep, an anti-Ztnfr12 antibody of the present invention may also bederived from a subhuman primate antibody. General techniques for raisingdiagnostically and therapeutically useful antibodies in baboons may befound, for example, in Goldenberg et al., international patentpublication No. WO 91/11465, and in Losman et al., Int. J. Cancer 46:310(1990).

Alternatively, monoclonal anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies can be generated.Rodent monoclonal antibodies to specific antigens may be obtained bymethods known to those skilled in the art (see, for example, Kohler etal., Nature 256:495 (1975), Coligan et al. (eds.), Current Protocols inImmunology, Vol. 1, pages 2.5.1-2.6.7 (John Wiley & Sons 1991)[“Coligan”], Picksley et al., “Production of monoclonal antibodiesagainst proteins expressed in E. coli,” in DNA Cloning 2: ExpressionSystems, 2nd Edition, Glover et al. (eds.), page 93 (Oxford UniversityPress 1995)).

Briefly, monoclonal antibodies can be obtained by injecting mice with acomposition comprising a Ztnfr12 gene product, verifying the presence ofantibody production by removing a serum sample, removing the spleen toobtain B-lymphocytes, fusing the B-lymphocytes with myeloma cells toproduce hybridomas, cloning the hybridomas, selecting positive cloneswhich produce antibodies to the antigen, culturing the clones thatproduce antibodies to the antigen, and isolating the antibodies from thehybridoma cultures.

In addition, an anti-Ztnfr12 antibody of the present invention may bederived from a human monoclonal antibody. Human monoclonal antibodiesare obtained from transgenic mice that have been engineered to producespecific human antibodies in response to antigenic challenge. In thistechnique, elements of the human heavy and light chain locus areintroduced into strains of mice derived from embryonic stem cell linesthat contain targeted disruptions of the endogenous heavy chain andlight chain loci. The transgenic mice can synthesize human antibodiesspecific for human antigens, and the mice can be used to produce humanantibody-secreting hybridomas. Methods for obtaining human antibodiesfrom transgenic mice are described, for example, by Green et al., NatureGenet. 7:13 (1994), Lonberg et al., Nature 368:856 (1994), and Taylor etal., Int. Immun. 6:579 (1994).

Monoclonal antibodies can be isolated and purified from hybridomacultures by a variety of well-established techniques. Such isolationtechniques include affinity chromatography with Protein-A Sepharose,size-exclusion chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography (see, forexample, Coligan at pages 2.7.1-2.7.12 and pages 2.9.1-2.9.3; Baines etal., “Purification of Immunoglobulin G (IgG),” in Methods in MolecularBiology, Vol. 10, pages 79-104 (The Humana Press, Inc. 1992)).

For particular uses, it may be desirable to prepare fragments ofanti-Ztnfr12 antibodies. Such antibody fragments can be obtained, forexample, by proteolytic hydrolysis of the antibody. Antibody fragmentscan be obtained by pepsin or papain digestion of whole antibodies byconventional methods. As an illustration, antibody fragments can beproduced by enzymatic cleavage of antibodies with pepsin to provide a 5Sfragment denoted F(ab′)₂. This fragment can be further cleaved using athiol reducing agent to produce 3.5S Fab′ monovalent fragments.Optionally, the cleavage reaction can be performed using a blockinggroup for the sulfhydryl groups that result from cleavage of disulfidelinkages. As an alternative, an enzymatic cleavage using pepsin producestwo monovalent Fab fragments and an Fc fragment directly. These methodsare described, for example, by Goldenberg, U.S. Pat. No. 4,331,647,Nisonoff et al., Arch Biochem. Biophys. 89:230 (1960), Porter, Biochem.J. 73:119 (1959), Edelman et al., in Methods in Enzymology Vol. 1, page422 (Academic Press 1967), and by Coligan at pages 2.8.1-2.8.10 and2.10.-2.10.4.

Other methods of cleaving antibodies, such as separation of heavy chainsto form monovalent light-heavy chain fragments, further cleavage offragments, or other enzymatic, chemical or genetic techniques may alsobe used, so long as the fragments bind to the antigen that is recognizedby the intact antibody.

For example, Fv fragments comprise an association of V_(H) and V_(L)chains. This association can be noncovalent, as described by Inbar etal., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 69:2659 (1972). Alternatively, thevariable chains can be linked by an intermolecular disulfide bond orcross-linked by chemicals such as glutaraldehyde (see, for example,Sandhu, Crit. Rev. Biotech. 12:437 (1992)).

The Fv fragments may comprise V_(H) and V_(L) chains, which areconnected by a peptide linker. These single-chain antigen bindingproteins (scFv) are prepared by constructing a structural genecomprising DNA sequences encoding the V_(H) and V_(L) domains which areconnected by an oligonucleotide. The structural gene is inserted into anexpression vector, which is subsequently introduced into a host cell,such as E. coli. The recombinant host cells synthesize a singlepolypeptide chain with a linker peptide bridging the two V domains.Methods for producing scFvs are described, for example, by Whitlow etal., Methods: A Companion to Methods in Enzymology 2:97 (1991) (alsosee, Bird et al., Science 242:423 (1988), Ladner et al., U.S. Pat. No.4,946,778, Pack et al., Bio/Technology 11:1271 (1993), and Sandhu,supra).

As an illustration, a scFV can be obtained by exposing lymphocytes toZtnfr12 polypeptide in vitro, and selecting antibody display librariesin phage or similar vectors (for instance, through use of immobilized orlabeled Ztnfr12 protein or peptide). Genes encoding polypeptides havingpotential Ztnfr12 polypeptide binding domains can be obtained byscreening random peptide libraries displayed on phage (phage display) oron bacteria, such as E. coli. Nucleotide sequences encoding thepolypeptides can be obtained in a number of ways, such as through randommutagenesis and random polynucleotide synthesis. These random peptidedisplay libraries can be used to screen for peptides, which interactwith a known target which can be a protein or polypeptide, such as aligand or receptor, a biological or synthetic macromolecule, or organicor inorganic substances. Techniques for creating and screening suchrandom peptide display libraries are known in the art (Ladner et al.,U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409, Ladner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778, Ladneret al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,484, Ladner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,698,and Kay et al., Phage Display of Peptides and Proteins (Academic Press,Inc. 1996)) and random peptide display libraries and kits for screeningsuch libraries are available commercially, for instance from CLONTECHLaboratories, Inc. (Palo Alto, Calif.), Invitrogen Inc. (San Diego,Calif.), New England Biolabs, Inc. (Beverly, Mass.), and Pharmacia LKBBiotechnology Inc. (Piscataway, N.J.). Random peptide display librariescan be screened using the Ztnfr12 sequences disclosed herein to identifyproteins which bind to Ztnfr12.

Another form of an antibody fragment is a peptide coding for a singlecomplementarity-determining region (CDR). CDR peptides (“minimalrecognition units”) can be obtained by constructing genes encoding theCDR of an antibody of interest. Such genes are prepared, for example, byusing the polymerase chain reaction to synthesize the variable regionfrom RNA of antibody-producing cells (see, for example, Larrick et al.,Methods: A Companion to Methods in Enzymology 2:106 (1991),Courtenay-Luck, “Genetic Manipulation of Monoclonal Antibodies,” inMonoclonal Antibodies: Production, Engineering and Clinical Application,Ritter et al. (eds.), page 166 (Cambridge University Press 1995), andWard et al., “Genetic Manipulation and Expression of Antibodies,” inMonoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Applications, Birch et al.,(eds.), page 137 (Wiley-Liss, Inc. 1995)).

Another useful anti-receptor antibody is a chimeric antibody. A chimericantibody comprises the variable domains and complementary determiningregions derived from a rodent antibody, while the remainder of theantibody molecule is derived from a human antibody. See, for example,Verma and Boleti, “Engineering Antibody Molecules,” in Diagnostic andTherapeutic Antibodies, George and Urch (Eds.), pages 35-52 (HumanaPress, Inc. 2000).

Alternatively, an anti-Ztnfr12 antibody may be derived from a“humanized” monoclonal antibody. Humanized monoclonal antibodies areproduced by transferring mouse complementary determining regions fromheavy and light variable chains of the mouse immunoglobulin into a humanvariable domain. Typical residues of human antibodies are thensubstituted in the framework regions of the murine counterparts. The useof antibody components derived from humanized monoclonal antibodiesobviates potential problems associated with the immunogenicity of murineconstant regions. General techniques for cloning murine immunoglobulinvariable domains are described, for example, by Orlandi et al., Proc.Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 86:3833 (1989). Techniques for producing humanizedmonoclonal antibodies are described, for example, by Jones et al.,Nature 321:522 (1986), Carter et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 89:4285(1992), Sandhu, Crit. Rev. Biotech. 12:437 (1992), Singer et al., J.Immun 150:2844 (1993), Sudhir (ed.), Antibody Engineering Protocols(Humana Press, Inc. 1995), Kelley, “Engineering Therapeutic Antibodies,”in Protein Engineering Principles and Practice, Cleland et al. (eds.),pages 399-434 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1996), and by Queen et al., U.S.Pat. No. 5,693,762 (1997).

The present invention includes the use of compositions that comprise anantibody component that binds the Ztnfr12 extracellular region, and anantibody component that binds at least one of a TACI extracellularregion and a BCMA extracellular region. For example, such a“multispecific antibody composition” can comprise a heteroantibodymixture (i.e., an aggregate of at least two antibody components, eachhaving a different binding specificity), a bispecific antibody (i.e., anantibody component with two different combining sites), a single chainbispecific polypeptide, and the like.

Bispecific antibodies can be made by a variety of conventional methods.As an illustration, bispecific antibodies have been prepared byoxidative cleavage of Fab′ fragments resulting from reductive cleavageof different antibodies. See, for example, Winter et al., Nature 349:293(1991). This can be carried out by mixing two different F(ab)₂ fragmentsproduced by pepsin digestion of two different antibodies, reductivecleavage to form a mixture of Fab′ fragments, followed by oxidativereformation of the disulfide linkages to produce a mixture of F(ab)₂fragments including bispecific antibodies containing a Fab′ potionspecific to each of the original epitopes. General techniques for thepreparation of such bispecific antibodies can be found, for example, inNisonhoff et al., Arch Biochem. Biophys. 93:470 (1961), Hammerling etal., J. Exp. Med. 128:1461 (1968), and U.S. Pat. No. 4,331,647.

Alternatively, linkage can be achieved by using a heterobifunctionallinker such as maleimide-hydroxysuccinimide ester. Reaction of the esterwith an antibody or fragment will derivatize amine groups on theantibody or fragment, and the derivative can then be reacted with, forexample, an antibody Fab fragment having free sulfhydryl groups (or, alarger fragment or intact antibody with sulfhydryl groups appendedthereto by, for example, Traut's Reagent). Such a linker is less likelyto crosslink groups in the same antibody and improves the selectivity ofthe linkage.

As another example, bispecific F(ab′)₂ antibodies can be produced bylinking two Fab′ fragments via their hinge region SH groups using thebifunctional crosslinker o-phenylenedimaleimide. See, for example, Tso,“F(ab)₂ Fusion Proteins and Bispecific F(ab)₂,” in Chamow and Ashkenazi(Eds.), Antibody Fusion Proteins, pages 127-150 (Wiley-Liss, Inc. 1999),and French, “How to Make Bispecific Antibodies,” in George and Urch(Eds.), Diagnostic and Therapeutic Antibodies, pages 333-339 (HumanaPress, Inc. 2000).

It is advantageous to link the antibodies or fragments at sites remotefrom the antigen binding sites. This can be accomplished by, forexample, linkage to cleaved interchain sulfhydryl groups, as notedabove. Another method involves reacting an antibody having an oxidizedcarbohydrate portion with another antibody which has at lease one freeamine function. This results in an initial Schiff base (imine) linkage,which can be stabilized by reduction to a secondary amine, for example,by borohydride reduction, to form the final composite. Suchsite-specific linkages are disclosed, for small molecules, in U.S. Pat.No. 4,671,958, and for larger addends in U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,784.

Alternatively, bispecific antibodies can be produced by fusing twohybridoma cell lines, one cell line that produces anti-Ztnfr12monoclonal antibody, and one cell line that produces either anti-BCMAmonoclonal antibody, or anti-TACI monoclonal antibody. Techniques forproducing tetradomas are described, for example, by Milstein et al.,Nature 305:537 (1983), and Pohl et al., Int. J. Cancer 54:418 (1993).

Bispecific antibodies can also be produced by genetic engineering. Forexample, vectors containing DNA coding for variable domains of ananti-Ztnfr12 monoclonal antibody can be introduced into hybridomas thatsecrete anti-TACI antibodies, or anti-BCMA antibodies. The resultingtransfectomas produce bispecific antibodies that bind Ztnfr12 and eitherBCMA or TACI. Alternatively, chimeric genes can be designed that encodean anti-Ztnfr12 binding domain and at least one anti-BCMA binding domainor anti-TACI binding domain. A variety of genetic strategies forproducing bispecifc antibodies are available to those of skill in theart. In one approach, for example, bispecific F(ab′)₂ are produced usingleucine zippers. See, for example, Tso, “F(ab′)₂ Fusion Proteins andBispecific F(ab′)₂,” in Chamow and Ashkenazi (Eds.), Antibody FusionProteins, pages 127-150 (Wiley-Liss, Inc. 1999). General techniques forproducing bispecific antibodies by genetic engineering are described,for example, by Songsivilai et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.164:271 (1989), Traunecker et al., EMBO J. 10:3655 (1991), and Weiner etal., J. Immunol. 147:4035 (1991).

A bispecific molecule of the invention can also be a single chainbispecific molecule, such as a single chain bispecific antibody, asingle chain bispecific molecule comprising one single chain antibodyand a binding determinant, or a single chain bispecific moleculecomprising two binding determinants.

Bispecific antibodies can be screened using standard techniques, such asa bispecific ELISA.

The present invention further includes polyclonal anti-idiotypeantibodies, which can be prepared by immunizing animals withanti-Ztnfr12 antibodies or antibody fragments, using standardtechniques. See, for example, Green et al., “Production of PolyclonalAntisera,” in Methods In Molecular Biology: Immunochemical Protocols,Manson (ed.), pages 1-12 (Humana Press 1992). Also, see Coligan at pages2.4.1-2.4.7. Alternatively, monoclonal anti-idiotype antibodies can beprepared using anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies or antibody fragments asimmunogens with the techniques, described above. As another alternative,humanized anti-idiotype antibodies or subhuman primate anti-idiotypeantibodies can be prepared using the above-described techniques. Methodsfor producing anti-idiotype antibodies are described, for example, byIrie, U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,146, Greene, et. al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,677,and Varthakavi and Minocha, J. Gen. Virol. 77:1875 (1996).

Anti-Ztnfr12 antibody components and anti-idiotype antibodies of thepresent invention can be useful to neutralize the effects of a Ztnfr12ligand (e.g., ZTNF4) for treating pre-B or B-cell leukemias, such asplasma cell leukemia, chronic or acute lymphocytic leukemia, myelomassuch as multiple myeloma, plasma cell myeloma, endothelial myeloma andgiant cell myeloma, and lymphomas such as non-Hodgkins lymphoma, whichare associated with an increase in a Ztnfr12 ligand (e.g., ZTNF4).Additional examples of B cell lymphomas that may be treated with themolecules described herein include Burkitt's lymphoma, Non-Burkitt'slymphoma, follicular lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, large celllymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, large celllymphoma (e.g., immunoblastic lymphoma), small lymphocytic lymphoma, andother B cell lymphomas.

10. Use of Ztnfr12 Nucleotide Sequences to Detect Gene Expression andGene Structure

Nucleic acid molecules can be used to detect the expression of a Ztnfr12gene in a biological sample. Suitable probe molecules includedouble-stranded nucleic acid molecules comprising the nucleotidesequence of SEQ ID NO:1, or a portion thereof, as well assingle-stranded nucleic acid molecules having the complement of thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, or a portion thereof. Probemolecules may be DNA, RNA, oligonucleotides, and the like. As usedherein, the term “portion” refers to at least eight nucleotides to atleast 20 or more nucleotides. Illustrative probes bind with regions ofthe Ztnfr12 gene that have a low sequence similarity to comparableregions in other tumor necrosis factor receptor genes.

In a basic assay, a single-stranded probe molecule is incubated withRNA, isolated from a biological sample, under conditions of temperatureand ionic strength that promote base pairing between the probe andtarget Ztnfr12 RNA species. After separating unbound probe fromhybridized molecules, the amount of hybrids is detected.

Well-established hybridization methods of RNA detection include northernanalysis and dot/slot blot hybridization (see, for example, Ausubel(1995) at pages 4-1 to 4-27, and Wu et al. (eds.), “Analysis of GeneExpression at the RNA Level,” in Methods in Gene Biotechnology, pages225-239 (CRC Press, Inc. 1997)). Nucleic acid probes can be detectablylabeled with radioisotopes such as ³²P or ³⁵S. Alternatively, Ztnfr12RNA can be detected with a nonradioactive hybridization method (see, forexample, Isaac (ed.), Protocols for Nucleic Acid Analysis byNonradioactive Probes (Humana Press, Inc. 1993)). Typically,nonradioactive detection is achieved by enzymatic conversion ofchromogenic or chemiluminescent substrates. Illustrative nonradioactivemoieties include biotin, fluorescein, and digoxigenin.

Ztnfr12 oligonucleotide probes are also useful for in vivo diagnosis. Asan illustration, ¹⁸F-labeled oligonucleotides can be administered to asubject and visualized by positron emission tomography (Tavitian et al.,Nature Medicine 4:467 (1998)).

Numerous diagnostic procedures take advantage of the polymerase chainreaction (PCR) to increase sensitivity of detection methods. Standardtechniques for performing PCR are well-known (see, generally, Mathew(ed.), Protocols in Human Molecular Genetics (Humana Press, Inc. 1991),White (ed.), PCR Protocols: Current Methods and Applications (HumanaPress, Inc. 1993), Cotter (ed.), Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer (HumanaPress, Inc. 1996), Hanausek and Walaszek (eds.), Tumor Marker Protocols(Humana Press, Inc. 1998), Lo (ed.), Clinical Applications of PCR(Humana Press, Inc. 1998), and Meltzer (ed.), PCR in Bioanalysis (HumanaPress, Inc. 1998)).

PCR primers can be designed to amplify a portion of the Ztnfr12 genethat has a low sequence similarity to a comparable region in otherproteins, such as other tumor necrosis factor receptor proteins.

One variation of PCR for diagnostic assays is reversetranscriptase-PCR(RT-PCR). In the RT-PCR technique, RNA is isolated froma biological sample, reverse transcribed to cDNA, and the cDNA isincubated with Ztnfr12 primers (see, for example, Wu et al. (eds.),“Rapid Isolation of Specific cDNAs or Genes by PCR,” in Methods in GeneBiotechnology, pages 15-28 (CRC Press, Inc. 1997)). PCR is thenperformed and the products are analyzed using standard techniques.

As an illustration, RNA is isolated from biological sample using, forexample, the guanidinium-thiocyanate cell lysis procedure describedabove. Alternatively, a solid-phase technique can be used to isolatemRNA from a cell lysate. A reverse transcription reaction can be primedwith the isolated RNA using random oligonucleotides, short homopolymersof dT, or Ztnfr12 anti-sense oligomers. Oligo-dT primers offer theadvantage that various mRNA nucleotide sequences are amplified that canprovide control target sequences. Ztnfr12 sequences are amplified by thepolymerase chain reaction using two flanking oligonucleotide primersthat are typically 20 bases in length.

PCR amplification products can be detected using a variety ofapproaches. For example, PCR products can be fractionated by gelelectrophoresis, and visualized by ethidium bromide stainingAlternatively, fractionated PCR products can be transferred to amembrane, hybridized with a detectably-labeled Ztnfr12 probe, andexamined by autoradiography. Additional alternative approaches includethe use of digoxigenin-labeled deoxyribonucleic acid triphosphates toprovide chemiluminescence detection, and the C-TRAK colorimetric assay.

Another approach for detection of Ztnfr12 expression is cycling probetechnology, in which a single-stranded DNA target binds with an excessof DNA-RNA-DNA chimeric probe to form a complex, the RNA portion iscleaved with RNAase H, and the presence of cleaved chimeric probe isdetected (see, for example, Beggs et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:2985(1996), Bekkaoui et al., Biotechniques 20:240 (1996)). Alternativemethods for detection of Ztnfr12 sequences can utilize approaches suchas nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, cooperative amplificationof templates by cross-hybridization, and the ligase chain reaction (see,for example, Marshall et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,272 (1997), Dyer etal., J. Virol. Methods 60:161 (1996), Ehricht et al., Eur. J. Biochem.243:358 (1997), and Chadwick et al., J. Virol. Methods 70:59 (1998)).Other standard methods are known to those of skill in the art.

Ztnfr12 probes and primers can also be used to detect and to localizeZtnfr12 gene expression in tissue samples. Methods for such in situhybridization are well-known to those of skill in the art (see, forexample, Choo (ed.), In Situ Hybridization Protocols (Humana Press, Inc.1994), Wu et al. (eds.), “Analysis of Cellular DNA or Abundance of mRNAby Radioactive In Situ Hybridization (RISH),” in Methods in GeneBiotechnology, pages 259-278 (CRC Press, Inc. 1997), and Wu et al.(eds.), “Localization of DNA or Abundance of mRNA by Fluorescence InSitu Hybridization (RISH),” in Methods in Gene Biotechnology, pages279-289 (CRC Press, Inc. 1997)). Various additional diagnosticapproaches are well-known to those of skill in the art (see, forexample, Mathew (ed.), Protocols in Human Molecular Genetics (HumanaPress, Inc. 1991), Coleman and Tsongalis, Molecular Diagnostics (HumanaPress, Inc. 1996), and Elles, Molecular Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases(Humana Press, Inc., 1996)). Suitable test samples include blood, urine,saliva, tissue biopsy, and autopsy material.

The Ztnfr12 gene resides in chromosome 22q13.2, a region that isassociated with diseases and disorders, such as Fechtner syndrome,Sorsby fundus dystrophy, deafness, and neutrophil immunodeficiencysyndrome. In addition, mutations of cytokine receptors are associatedwith particular diseases. For example, polymorphisms of cytokinereceptors are associated with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, familialperiodic fever, and erythroleukemia. Thus, Ztnfr12 nucleotide sequencescan be used in linkage-based testing for various diseases, and todetermine whether a subject's chromosomes contain a mutation in theZtnfr12 gene. Detectable chromosomal aberrations at the Ztnfr12 genelocus include, but are not limited to, aneuploidy, gene copy numberchanges, insertions, deletions, restriction site changes andrearrangements. Of particular interest are genetic alterations thatinactivate a Ztnfr12 gene.

Aberrations associated with the Ztnfr12 locus can be detected usingnucleic acid molecules of the present invention by employing moleculargenetic techniques, such as restriction fragment length polymorphismanalysis, short tandem repeat analysis employing PCR techniques,amplification-refractory mutation system analysis, single-strandconformation polymorphism detection, RNase cleavage methods, denaturinggradient gel electrophoresis, fluorescence-assisted mismatch analysis,and other genetic analysis techniques known in the art (see, forexample, Mathew (ed.), Protocols in Human Molecular Genetics (HumanaPress, Inc. 1991), Marian, Chest 108:255 (1995), Coleman and Tsongalis,Molecular Diagnostics (Human Press, Inc. 1996), Elles (ed.) MolecularDiagnosis of Genetic Diseases (Humana Press, Inc. 1996), Landegren(ed.), Laboratory Protocols for Mutation Detection (Oxford UniversityPress 1996), Birren et al. (eds.), Genome Analysis, Vol. 2: DetectingGenes (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 1998), Dracopoli et al.(eds.), Current Protocols in Human Genetics (John Wiley & Sons 1998),and Richards and Ward, “Molecular Diagnostic Testing,” in Principles ofMolecular Medicine, pages 83-88 (Humana Press, Inc. 1998)).

As an illustration, large deletions in a Ztnfr12 gene can be detectedusing Southern hybridization analysis or PCR amplification. Deletions ina particular Ztnfr12 exon can be detected using PCR primers that flankthe exon. Table 1 provides the locations of Ztnfr12 exons present in thenucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:1 and 9. This information can be usedto design primers that amplify particular exons.

Mutations can also be detected by hybridizing an oligonucleotide probecomprising a normal Ztnfr12 sequence to a Southern blot or tomembrane-bound PCR products. Discrimination is achieved by hybridizingunder conditions of high stringency, or by washing under varyingconditions of stringency. This analysis can be targeted to a particularcoding sequence. Alternatively, this approach is used to examinesplice-donor or splice-acceptor sites in the immediate flanking intronsequences, where disease-causing mutations are often located. Suitableoligonucleotides can be designed by extending the sequence into an exonof choice, using the information provided in Table 1 and SEQ ID NOs:1and 9.

The duplication of all or part of a gene can cause a disorder when theinsertion of the duplicated material is inserted into the reading frameof a gene and causes premature termination of translation. Duplicationand insertion can be examined directly by analyzing a subject's genomicDNA with standard methods, such as Southern hybridization, fluorescencein situ hybridization, pulsed-field gel analysis, or PCR. In addition,the effect of duplication can be detected with the protein truncationassay described below.

A point mutation can lead to a nonconservative change resulting in thealteration of Ztnfr12 function or a change of an amino acid codon to astop codon. If a point mutation occurs within an intron, the mutationmay affect the fidelity of splicing. A point mutation can be detectedusing standard techniques, such as Southern hybridization analysis, PCRanalysis, sequencing, ligation chain reaction, and other approaches. Insingle-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, for example, fragmentsamplified by PCR are separated into single strands and fractionated bypolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. The rateof migration through the gel is a function of conformation, whichdepends upon the base sequence. A mutation can alter the rate ofmigration of one or both single strands. In a chemical cleavageapproach, hybrid molecules are produced between test and control DNA(e.g., DNA that encodes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2). Sitesof base pair mismatch due to a mutation will be mispaired, and thestrands will be susceptible to chemical cleavage at these sites.

The protein truncation test is also useful for detecting theinactivation of a gene in which translation-terminating mutationsproduce only portions of the encoded protein (see, for example,Stoppa-Lyonnet et al., Blood 91:3920 (1998)). According to thisapproach, RNA is isolated from a biological sample, and used tosynthesize cDNA. PCR is then used to amplify the Ztnfr12 target sequenceand to introduce an RNA polymerase promoter, a translation initiationsequence, and an in-frame ATG triplet. PCR products are transcribedusing an RNA polymerase, and the transcripts are translated in vitrowith a T7-coupled reticulocyte lysate system. The translation productsare then fractionated by SDS-PAGE to determine the lengths of thetranslation products. The protein truncation test is described, forexample, by Dracopoli et al. (eds.), Current Protocols in HumanGenetics, pages 9.11.1-9.11.18 (John Wiley & Sons 1998).

In an alternative approach, a mutation can be detected usingribonuclease A, which will cleave the RNA strand of an RNA-DNA hybrid atthe site of a sequence mismatch. Briefly, a PCR-amplified sequence of aZtnfr12 gene or cDNA of a subject is hybridized with in vitrotranscribed labeled RNA probes prepared from the DNA of a normal,healthy individual chosen from the general population. The RNA-DNAhybrids are digested with ribonuclease A and analyzed using denaturinggel electrophoresis. Sequence mismatches between the two strands willcause cleavage of the protected fragment, and small additional fragmentswill be detected in the samples derived from a subject who has a mutatedZtnfr12 gene. The site of mutation can be deduced from the sizes of thecleavage products.

Analysis of chromosomal DNA using the Ztnfr12 polynucleotide sequence isuseful for correlating disease with abnormalities localized tochromosome 22q, in particular to chromosome 22q13.2. In one embodiment,the methods of the present invention provide a method of detecting achromosome 22q13.2 abnormality in a sample from an individualcomprising: (a) obtaining Ztnfr12 RNA from the sample, (b) generatingZtnfr12 cDNA by polymerase chain reaction, and (c) comparing thenucleotide sequence of the Ztnfr12 cDNA to the nucleic acid sequence asshown in SEQ ID NO:1. In further embodiments, the difference between thesequence of the Ztnfr12cDNA or Ztnfr12 gene in the sample and theZtnfr12 sequence as shown in SEQ ID NOs:1 or 9 is indicative ofchromosome 22q13.2 abnormality.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides methods fordetecting in a sample from an individual, a chromosome 22q13.2abnormality associated with an alteration in ZTNF4 activity, comprisingthe steps of: (a) contacting nucleic acid molecules of the sample with anucleic acid probe that hybridizes with a nucleic acid moleculeconsisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, its complements orfragments, under stringent conditions, and (b) detecting the presence orabsence of hybridization of the probe with nucleic acid molecules in thesample, wherein the absence of hybridization is indicative of achromosome 22q13.2 abnormality, such as an abnormality that causes adecrease in response to ZTNF4.

The present invention also provides methods of detecting in a samplefrom an individual, a Ztnfr12 gene abnormality associated with analteration in ZTNF4 activity, comprising: (a) isolating nucleic acidmolecules that encode Ztnfr12 from the sample, and (b) comparing thenucleotide sequence of the isolated Ztnfr12-encoding sequence with thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, wherein the difference between thesequence of the isolated Ztnfr12-encoding sequence or a polynucleotideencoding the Ztnfr12 polypeptide generated from the isolatedZtnfr12-encoding sequence and the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 isindicative of an Ztnfr12 gene abnormality associated with disease orsusceptibility to a disease in an individual, such as an abnormalitythat causes a decrease in response to ZTNF4.

The present invention also provides methods of detecting in a samplefrom a individual, an abnormality in expression of the Ztnfr12 geneassociated with disease or susceptibility to disease, comprising: (a)obtaining Ztnfr12 RNA from the sample, (b) generating Ztnfr12 cDNA bypolymerase chain reaction from the Ztnfr12 RNA, and (c) comparing thenucleotide sequence of the Ztnfr12 cDNA to the nucleotide sequence ofSEQ ID NO:1, wherein a difference between the sequence of the Ztnfr12cDNA and the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 is indicative of anabnormality in expression of the ZTNFR12 gene associated with disease orsusceptibility to disease.

In other aspects, the present invention provides methods for detectingin a sample from an individual, a Ztnfr12 gene abnormality, comprising:(a) contacting sample nucleic acid molecules with a nucleic acid probe,wherein the probe hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule having thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, its complements or fragments, understringent conditions, and (b) detecting the presence or absence ofhybridization is indicative of a Ztnfr12 abnormality.

In situ hybridization provides another approach for identifying Ztnfr12gene abnormalities. According to this approach, a Ztnfr12 probe islabeled with a detectable marker by any method known in the art. Forexample, the probe can be directly labeled by random priming, endlabeling, PCR, or nick translation. Suitable direct labels includeradioactive labels such as ³²P, ³H, and ³⁵S and non-radioactive labelssuch as fluorescent markers (e.g., fluorescein, Texas Red, AMCA blue(7-amino-4-methyl-coumanine-3-acetate), lucifer yellow, rhodamine,etc.), cyanin dyes, which are detectable with visible light, enzymes,and the like. Probes labeled with an enzyme can be detected through acolorimetric reaction by providing a substrate for the enzyme. In thepresence of various substrates, different colors are produced by thereaction, and these colors can be visualized to separately detectmultiple probes if desired. Suitable substrates for alkaline phosphataseinclude 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate and nitro blue tetrazolium.One suitable substrate for horseradish peroxidase is diaminobenzoate.

An illustrative method for detecting chromosomal abnormalities with insitu hybridization is described by Wang et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,856,089.Following this approach, for example, a method of performing in situhybridization with a Ztnfr12 probe to detect a chromosome structuralabnormality in a cell from a fixed tissue sample obtained from a subjectcan comprise the steps of: (1) obtaining a fixed tissue sample from thepatient, (2) pretreating the fixed tissue sample obtained in step (1)with a bisulfite ion composition, (3) digesting the fixed tissue samplewith proteinase, (4) performing in situ hybridization on cells obtainedfrom the digested fixed tissue sample of step (3) with a probe whichspecifically hybridizes to the Ztnfr12 gene, wherein a signal pattern ofhybridized probes is obtained, (5) comparing the signal pattern of thehybridized probe in step (4) to a predetermined signal pattern of thehybridized probe obtained when performing in situ hybridization on cellshaving a normal critical chromosome region of interest, and (6)detecting a chromosome structural abnormality in the patient's cells, bydetecting a difference between the signal pattern obtained in step (4)and the predetermined signal pattern. Examples of Ztnfr12 geneabnormalities include deletions, amplifications, translocations,inversions, and the like. Such an assay may be used, for example, totest tissue from a subject suspected of having disease or disorderassociated with altered responsiveness to ZTNF4.

The present invention contemplates kits for performing a diagnosticassay for Ztnfr12 gene expression or to detect mutations in the Ztnfr12gene. Such kits comprise nucleic acid probes, such as double-strandednucleic acid molecules comprising the nucleotide sequence of nucleotides27 to 578 of SEQ ID NO:1, nucleotides 27 to 233 of SEQ ID NO:1, or aportion thereof, as well as single-stranded nucleic acid moleculeshaving the complement of the nucleotide sequence of nucleotides 27 to578 of SEQ ID NO:1, nucleotides 27 to 233 of SEQ ID NO:1, or a portionthereof. Probe molecules may be DNA, RNA, oligonucleotides, and thelike. Kits may comprise nucleic acid primers for performing PCR.

Such kits can contain all the necessary elements to perform a nucleicacid diagnostic assay described above. A kit will comprise at least onecontainer comprising a Ztnfr12 probe or primer. The kit may alsocomprise a second container comprising one or more reagents capable ofindicating the presence of Ztnfr12 sequences. Examples of such indicatorreagents include detectable labels such as radioactive labels,fluorochromes, chemiluminescent agents, and the like. A kit may alsocomprise a means for conveying to the user that the Ztnfr12 probes andprimers are used to detect Ztnfr12 gene expression. For example, writteninstructions may state that the enclosed nucleic acid molecules can beused to detect either a nucleic acid molecule that encodes Ztnfr12, or anucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence that is complementaryto a Ztnfr12-encoding nucleotide sequence. The written material can beapplied directly to a container, or the written material can be providedin the form of a packaging insert.

11. Use of Anti-Ztnfr12 Antibodies to Detect Ztnfr12

The present invention contemplates the use of anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies toscreen biological samples in vitro for the presence of Ztnfr12. In onetype of in vitro assay, anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies are used in liquidphase. For example, the presence of Ztnfr12 in a biological sample canbe tested by mixing the biological sample with a trace amount of labeledZtnfr12 and an anti-Ztnfr12 antibody under conditions that promotebinding between Ztnfr12 and its antibody. Complexes of Ztnfr12 andanti-Ztnfr12 in the sample can be separated from the reaction mixture bycontacting the complex with an immobilized protein which binds with theantibody, such as an Fc antibody or Staphylococcus protein A. Theconcentration of Ztnfr12 in the biological sample will be inverselyproportional to the amount of labeled Ztnfr12 bound to the antibody anddirectly related to the amount of free-labeled Ztnfr12. Illustrativebiological samples include blood, urine, saliva, tissue biopsy, andautopsy material.

Alternatively, in vitro assays can be performed in which anti-Ztnfr12antibody is bound to a solid-phase carrier. For example, antibody can beattached to a polymer, such as aminodextran, in order to link theantibody to an insoluble support such as a polymer-coated bead, a plateor a tube. Other suitable in vitro assays will be readily apparent tothose of skill in the art.

In another approach, anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies can be used to detectZtnfr12 in tissue sections prepared from a biopsy specimen. Suchimmunochemical detection can be used to determine the relative abundanceof Ztnfr12 and to determine the distribution of Ztnfr12 in the examinedtissue. General immunochemistry techniques are well established (see,for example, Ponder, “Cell Marking Techniques and Their Application,” inMammalian Development: A Practical Approach, Monk (ed.), pages 115-38(IRL Press 1987), Coligan at pages 5.8.1-5.8.8, Ausubel (1995) at pages14.6.1 to 14.6.13 (Wiley Interscience 1990), and Manson (ed.), MethodsIn Molecular Biology, Vol. 10: Immunochemical Protocols (The HumanaPress, Inc. 1992)).

Immunochemical detection can be performed by contacting a biologicalsample with an anti-Ztnfr12 antibody, and then contacting the biologicalsample with a detectably labeled molecule, which binds to the antibody.For example, the detectably labeled molecule can comprise an antibodymoiety that binds to anti-Ztnfr12 antibody. Alternatively, theanti-Ztnfr12 antibody can be conjugated with avidin/streptavidin (orbiotin) and the detectably labeled molecule can comprise biotin (oravidin/streptavidin). Numerous variations of this basic technique arewell-known to those of skill in the art.

Alternatively, an anti-Ztnfr12 antibody can be conjugated with adetectable label to form an anti-Ztnfr12 immunoconjugate. Suitabledetectable labels include, for example, a radioisotope, a fluorescentlabel, a chemiluminescent label, an enzyme label, a bioluminescent labelor colloidal gold. Methods of making and detecting suchdetectably-labeled immunoconjugates are well-known to those of ordinaryskill in the art, and are described in more detail below.

The detectable label can be a radioisotope that is detected byautoradiography. Isotopes that are particularly useful for the purposeof the present invention are ³H, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ³⁵S and ¹⁴C.

Anti-Ztnfr12 immunoconjugates can also be labeled with a fluorescentcompound. The presence of a fluorescently-labeled antibody is determinedby exposing the immunoconjugate to light of the proper wavelength anddetecting the resultant fluorescence. Fluorescent labeling compoundsinclude fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, phycoerytherin,phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, o-phthaldehyde and fluorescamine.

Alternatively, anti-Ztnfr12 immunoconjugates can be detectably labeledby coupling an antibody component to a chemiluminescent compound. Thepresence of the chemiluminescent-tagged immunoconjugate is determined bydetecting the presence of luminescence that arises during the course ofa chemical reaction. Examples of chemiluminescent labeling compoundsinclude luminol, isoluminol, an aromatic acridinium ester, an imidazole,an acridinium salt and an oxalate ester.

Similarly, a bioluminescent compound can be used to label anti-Ztnfr12immunoconjugates of the present invention. Bioluminescence is a type ofchemiluminescence found in biological systems in which a catalyticprotein increases the efficiency of the chemiluminescent reaction. Thepresence of a bioluminescent protein is determined by detecting thepresence of luminescence. Bioluminescent compounds that are useful forlabeling include luciferin, luciferase and aequorin.

Alternatively, anti-Ztnfr12 immunoconjugates can be detectably labeledby linking an anti-Ztnfr12 antibody component to an enzyme. When theanti-Ztnfr12-enzyme conjugate is incubated in the presence of theappropriate substrate, the enzyme moiety reacts with the substrate toproduce a chemical moiety, which can be detected, for example, byspectrophotometric, fluorometric or visual means. Examples of enzymesthat can be used to detectably label polyspecific immunoconjugatesinclude 13-galactosidase, glucose oxidase, peroxidase and alkalinephosphatase.

Those of skill in the art will know of other suitable labels, which canbe employed in accordance with the present invention. The binding ofmarker moieties to anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies can be accomplished usingstandard techniques known to the art. Typical methodology in this regardis described by Kennedy et al., Clin. Chim. Acta 70:1 (1976), Schurs etal., Clin. Chim. Acta 81:1 (1977), Shih et al., Intl J. Cancer 46:1101(1990), Stein et al., Cancer Res. 50:1330 (1990), and Coligan, supra.

Moreover, the convenience and versatility of immunochemical detectioncan be enhanced by using anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies that have beenconjugated with avidin, streptavidin, and biotin (see, for example,Wilchek et al. (eds.), “Avidin-Biotin Technology,” Methods InEnzymology, Vol. 184 (Academic Press 1990), and Bayer et al.,“Immunochemical Applications of Avidin-Biotin Technology,” in Methods InMolecular Biology, Vol. 10, Manson (ed.), pages 149-162 (The HumanaPress, Inc. 1992).

Methods for performing immunoassays are well-established. See, forexample, Cook and Self, “Monoclonal Antibodies in DiagnosticImmunoassays,” in Monoclonal Antibodies: Production, Engineering, andClinical Application, Ritter and Ladyman (eds.), pages 180-208,(Cambridge University Press, 1995), Perry, “The Role of MonoclonalAntibodies in the Advancement of Immunoassay Technology,” in MonoclonalAntibodies: Principles and Applications, Birch and Lennox (eds.), pages107-120 (Wiley-Liss, Inc. 1995), and Diamandis, Immunoassay (AcademicPress, Inc. 1996).

The present invention also contemplates kits for performing animmunological diagnostic assay for Ztnfr12 gene expression. Such kitscomprise at least one container comprising an anti-Ztnfr12 antibody, orantibody fragment. A kit may also comprise a second container comprisingone or more reagents capable of indicating the presence of Ztnfr12antibody or antibody fragments. Examples of such indicator reagentsinclude detectable labels such as a radioactive label, a fluorescentlabel, a chemiluminescent label, an enzyme label, a bioluminescentlabel, colloidal gold, and the like. A kit may also comprise a means forconveying to the user that Ztnfr12 antibodies or antibody fragments areused to detect Ztnfr12 protein. For example, written instructions maystate that the enclosed antibody or antibody fragment can be used todetect Ztnfr12. The written material can be applied directly to acontainer, or the written material can be provided in the form of apackaging insert.

12. Therapeutic Uses of Polypeptides Having Ztnfr12 Activity

Amino acid sequences having Ztnfr12 activity can be used to modulate theimmune system by binding a Ztnfr12 ligand (e.g., ZTNF4), and thus,preventing the binding of the Ztnfr12 ligand with endogenous Ztnfr12receptor. Accordingly, the present invention includes the use ofproteins, polypeptides, and peptides having Ztnfr12 activity (such asZtnfr12 polypeptides, Ztnfr12 analogs (e.g., anti-Ztnfr12 anti-idiotypeantibodies), and Ztnfr12 fusion proteins) to a subject which lacks anadequate amount of Ztnfr12 polypeptide, or which produces an excess ofZTNF4. Ztnfr12 antagonists (e.g., anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies) can be alsoused to treat a subject, which produces an excess of either ZTNF4 orZtnfr12. These molecules can be administered to any subject in need oftreatment, and the present invention contemplates both veterinary andhuman therapeutic uses. Illustrative subjects include mammaliansubjects, such as farm animals, domestic animals, and human patients.Human or murine Ztnfr12 polypeptides can be used for these applications.

Molecules having Ztnfr12 activity can be used for the treatment ofautoimmune diseases, B cell cancers, immunomodulation, IBD and anyantibody-mediated pathologies (e.g., ITCP, myasthenia gravis and thelike), renal diseases, indirect T cell immune response, graft rejection,and graft versus host disease. The polypeptides of the present inventioncan be targeted to specifically regulate B cell responses during theimmune response. Additionally, the polypeptides of the present inventioncan be used to modulate B cell development, development of other cells,antibody production, and cytokine production. Polypeptides of thepresent invention can also modulate T and B cell communication byneutralizing the proliferative effects of ZTNF4.

Ztnfr12 polypeptides of the present invention can be useful toneutralize the effects of ZTNF4 for treating pre-B or B-cell leukemias,such as plasma cell leukemia, chronic or acute lymphocytic leukemia,myelomas such as multiple myeloma, plasma cell myeloma, endothelialmyeloma and giant cell myeloma, and lymphomas such as non-Hodgkinslymphoma, for which an increase in ZTNF4 polypeptides is associated.Additional examples of B cell lymphomas that may be treated with themolecules described herein include Burkitt's lymphoma, Non-Burkitt'slymphoma, follicular lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, large celllymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, large celllymphoma (e.g., immunoblastic lymphoma), small lymphocytic lymphoma, andother B cell lymphomas.

ZTNF4 is expressed in CD8⁺ cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, activatedmonocytes, which indicates that, in certain autoimmune disorders,cytotoxic T-cells might stimulate B-cell production through excessproduction of ZTNF4. Immunosuppressant proteins that selectively blockthe action of B-lymphocytes would be of use in treating disease.Autoantibody production is common to several autoimmune diseases andcontributes to tissue destruction and exacerbation of disease.Autoantibodies can also lead to the occurrence of immune complexdeposition complications and lead to many symptoms of systemic lupuserythomatosis, including kidney failure, neuralgic symptoms and death.Modulating antibody production independent of cellular response wouldalso be beneficial in many disease states. B cells have also been shownto play a role in the secretion of arthritogenic immunoglobulins inrheumatoid arthritis. As such, inhibition of ZTNF4-stimulated antibodyproduction would be beneficial in treatment of autoimmune diseases suchas myasthenia gravis and rheumatoid arthritis. Immunosuppressanttherapeutics such as soluble Ztnfr12 that selectively block orneutralize the action of B-lymphocytes would be useful for suchpurposes.

The invention provides methods employing Ztnfr12 polypeptides, fusions,antibodies, agonists or antagonists for selectively blocking orneutralizing the actions of B-cells in association with end stage renaldiseases, which may or may not be associated with autoimmune diseases.Such methods would also be useful for treating immunologic renaldiseases. Such methods would be would be useful for treatingglomerulonephritis associated with diseases such as membranousnephropathy, IgA nephropathy or Berger's Disease, IgM nephropathy,Goodpasture's Disease, post-infectious glomerulonephritis,mesangioproliferative disease, chronic lymphoid leukemia, minimal-changenephrotic syndrome. Such methods would also serve as therapeuticapplications for treating secondary glomerulonephritis or vasculitisassociated with such diseases as lupus, polyarteritis, Henoch-Schonlein,Scleroderma, HIV-related diseases, amyloidosis or hemolytic uremicsyndrome. The methods of the present invention would also be useful aspart of a therapeutic application for treating interstitial nephritis orpyelonephritis associated with chronic pyelonephritis, analgesic abuse,nephrocalcinosis, nephropathy caused by other agents, nephrolithiasis,or chronic or acute interstitial nephritis.

The methods of the present invention also include use of Ztnfr12polypeptides, fusions, antibodies, agonists or antagonists in thetreatment of hypertensive or large vessel diseases, including renalartery stenosis or occlusion and cholesterol emboli or renal emboli.

The present invention also provides methods for treatment of renal orurological neoplasms, multiple myelomas, lymphomas, light chainneuropathy or amyloidosis.

The invention also provides methods for blocking or inhibiting activatedB cells using Ztnfr12 polypeptides, fusions, antibodies, agonists orantagonists for the treatment of asthma and other chronic airwaydiseases such as bronchitis and emphysema.

Also provided are methods for inhibiting or neutralizing an effector Tcell response using Ztnfr12 polypeptides, fusions, antibodies, agonistsor antagonists for use in immunosuppression, in particular for suchtherapeutic use as for graft-versus-host disease and graft rejection.Moreover, Ztnfr12 polypeptides, fusions, antibodies, agonists orantagonists would be useful in therapeutic protocols for treatment ofsuch autoimmune diseases as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)and Crohn's Disease. Methods of the present invention would haveadditional therapeutic value for treating chronic inflammatory diseases,in particular to lessen joint pain, swelling, anemia and otherassociated symptoms as well as treating septic shock.

Compounds identified as Ztnfr12 agonists are also useful to boost thehumoral immune response. B cell responses are important in fightinginfectious diseases including bacterial, viral, protozoan and parasiticinfections. Antibodies against infectious microorganisms can immobilizethe pathogen by binding to antigen followed by complement mediated lysisor cell mediated attack. A Ztnfr12 agonist would serve to boost thehumoral response and would be a useful therapeutic for individuals atrisk for an infectious disease, an immunocompromised state, or as asupplement to vaccination.

Well established animal models are available to test in vivo efficacy ofsoluble Ztnfr12 polypeptides of the present invention in certain diseasestates. In particular, soluble Ztnfr12 polypeptides and polypeptidefragments can be tested in vivo in a number of animal models ofautoimmune disease, such as MRL-lpr/lpr or NZB×NZW F1 congenic mousestrains which serve as a model of SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus).Such animal models are known in the art, and illustrative models aredescribed above, including NZBW mice that develop a spontaneous form ofSLE, murine models for experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, thecollagen-induced arthritis murine model, murine experimental autoimmunemyasthenia gravis, and the like.

Generally, the dosage of administered Ztnfr12 (or Ztnfr12 analog orfusion protein) will vary depending upon such factors as the subject'sage, weight, height, sex, general medical condition and previous medicalhistory. Typically, it is desirable to provide the recipient with adosage of Ztnfr12 polypeptide, which is in the range of from about 1pg/kg to 10 mg/kg (amount of agent/body weight of subject), although alower or higher dosage also may be administered as circumstancesdictate.

Administration of a Ztnfr12 polypeptide to a subject can be intravenous,intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous,intrapleural, intrathecal, by perfusion through a regional catheter, orby direct intralesional injection. When administering therapeuticproteins by injection, the administration may be by continuous infusionor by single or multiple boluses.

Additional routes of administration include oral, mucosal-membrane,pulmonary, and transcutaneous. Oral delivery is suitable for polyestermicrospheres, zein microspheres, proteinoid microspheres,polycyanoacrylate microspheres, and lipid-based systems (see, forexample, DiBase and Morrel, “Oral Delivery of MicroencapsulatedProteins,” in Protein Delivery: Physical Systems, Sanders and Hendren(eds.), pages 255-288 (Plenum Press 1997)). The feasibility of anintranasal delivery is exemplified by such a mode of insulinadministration (see, for example, Hinchcliffe and Illum, Adv. DrugDeliv. Rev. 35:199 (1999)). Dry or liquid particles comprising Ztnfr12can be prepared and inhaled with the aid of dry-powder dispersers,liquid aerosol generators, or nebulizers (e.g., Pettit and Gombotz,TIBTECH 16:343 (1998); Patton et al., Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 35:235(1999)). This approach is illustrated by the AERX diabetes managementsystem, which is a hand-held electronic inhaler that deliversaerosolized insulin into the lungs. Studies have shown that proteins aslarge as 48,000 kDa have been delivered across skin at therapeuticconcentrations with the aid of low-frequency ultrasound, whichillustrates the feasibility of trascutaneous administration (Mitragotriet al., Science 269:850 (1995)). Transdermal delivery usingelectroporation provides another means to administer a molecule havingZtnfr12 binding activity (Potts et al., Pharm. Biotechnol. 10:213(1997)).

A pharmaceutical composition comprising a protein, polypeptide, orpeptide having Ztnfr12 binding activity can be formulated according toknown methods to prepare pharmaceutically useful compositions, wherebythe therapeutic proteins are combined in a mixture with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A composition is said to be a“pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” if its administration can betolerated by a recipient patient. Sterile phosphate-buffered saline isone example of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Other suitablecarriers are well-known to those in the art. See, for example, Gennaro(ed.), Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19th Edition (MackPublishing Company 1995).

For purposes of therapy, molecules having Ztnfr12 binding activity and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier are administered to a patient in atherapeutically effective amount. A combination of a protein,polypeptide, or peptide having Ztnfr12 binding activity and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier is said to be administered in a“therapeutically effective amount” if the amount administered isphysiologically significant. An agent is physiologically significant ifits presence results in a detectable change in the physiology of arecipient patient. For example, an agent used to treat inflammation isphysiologically significant if its presence alleviates the inflammatoryresponse. As another example, an agent used to inhibit the growth oftumor cells is physiologically significant if the administration of theagent results in a decrease in the number of tumor cells, decreasedmetastasis, a decrease in the size of a solid tumor, or increasednecrosis of a tumor.

A pharmaceutical composition comprising Ztnfr12 (or Ztnfr12 analog orfusion protein) can be furnished in liquid form, in an aerosol, or insolid form. Liquid forms, are illustrated by injectable solutions andoral suspensions. Exemplary solid forms include capsules, tablets, andcontrolled-release forms. The latter form is illustrated by miniosmoticpumps and implants (Bremer et al., Pharm. Biotechnol. 10:239 (1997);Ranade, “Implants in Drug Delivery,” in Drug Delivery Systems, Ranadeand Hollinger (eds.), pages 95-123 (CRC Press 1995); Bremer et al.,“Protein Delivery with Infusion Pumps,” in Protein Delivery: PhysicalSystems, Sanders and Hendren (eds.), pages 239-254 (Plenum Press 1997);Yewey et al., “Delivery of Proteins from a Controlled Release InjectableImplant,” in Protein Delivery: Physical Systems, Sanders and Hendren(eds.), pages 93-117 (Plenum Press 1997)).

Liposomes provide one means to deliver therapeutic polypeptides to asubject intravenously, intraperitoneally, intrathecally,intramuscularly, subcutaneously, or via oral administration, inhalation,or intranasal administration. Liposomes are microscopic vesicles thatconsist of one or more lipid bilayers surrounding aqueous compartments(see, generally, Bakker-Woudenberg et al., Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol.Infect. Dis. 12 (Suppl. 1):561 (1993), Kim, Drugs 46:618 (1993), andRanade, “Site-Specific Drug Delivery Using Liposomes as Carriers,” inDrug Delivery Systems, Ranade and Hollinger (eds.), pages 3-24 (CRCPress 1995)). Liposomes are similar in composition to cellular membranesand as a result, liposomes can be administered safely and arebiodegradable. Depending on the method of preparation, liposomes may beunilamellar or multilamellar, and liposomes can vary in size withdiameters ranging from 0.02 μm to greater than 10 μm. A variety ofagents can be encapsulated in liposomes: hydrophobic agents partition inthe bilayers and hydrophilic agents partition within the inner aqueousspace(s) (see, for example, Machy et al., Liposomes In Cell Biology AndPharmacology (John Libbey 1987), and Ostro et al., American J. Hosp.Pharm. 46:1576 (1989)). Moreover, it is possible to control thetherapeutic availability of the encapsulated agent by varying liposomesize, the number of bilayers, lipid composition, as well as the chargeand surface characteristics of the liposomes.

Liposomes can adsorb to virtually any type of cell and then slowlyrelease the encapsulated agent. Alternatively, an absorbed liposome maybe endocytosed by cells that are phagocytic. Endocytosis is followed byintralysosomal degradation of liposomal lipids and release of theencapsulated agents (Scherphof et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 446:368(1985)). After intravenous administration, small liposomes (0.1 to 1.0μm) are typically taken up by cells of the reticuloendothelial system,located principally in the liver and spleen, whereas liposomes largerthan 3.0 μm are deposited in the lung. This preferential uptake ofsmaller liposomes by the cells of the reticuloendothelial system hasbeen used to deliver chemotherapeutic agents to macrophages and totumors of the liver.

The reticuloendothelial system can be circumvented by several methodsincluding saturation with large doses of liposome particles, orselective macrophage inactivation by pharmacological means (Claassen etal., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 802:428 (1984)). In addition, incorporationof glycolipid- or polyethelene glycol-derivatized phospholipids intoliposome membranes has been shown to result in a significantly reduceduptake by the reticuloendothelial system (Allen et al., Biochim.Biophys. Acta 1068:133 (1991); Allen et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta1150:9 (1993)).

Liposomes can also be prepared to target particular cells or organs byvarying phospholipid composition or by inserting receptors or ligandsinto the liposomes. For example, liposomes, prepared with a high contentof a nonionic surfactant, have been used to target the liver (Hayakawaet al., Japanese Patent 04-244,018; Kato et al., Biol. Pharm. Bull.16:960 (1993)). These formulations were prepared by mixing soybeanphospatidylcholine, α-tocopherol, and ethoxylated hydrogenated castoroil (HCO-60) in methanol, concentrating the mixture under vacuum, andthen reconstituting the mixture with water. A liposomal formulation ofdipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) with a soybean-derivedsterylglucoside mixture (SG) and cholesterol (Ch) has also been shown totarget the liver (Shimizu et al., Biol. Pharm. Bull. 20:881 (1997)).

Alternatively, various targeting ligands can be bound to the surface ofthe liposome, such as antibodies, antibody fragments, carbohydrates,vitamins, and transport proteins. For example, liposomes can be modifiedwith branched type galactosyllipid derivatives to targetasialoglycoprotein (galactose) receptors, which are exclusivelyexpressed on the surface of liver cells (Kato and Sugiyama, Crit. Rev.Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 14:287 (1997); Murahashi et al., Biol. Pharm.Bull. 20:259 (1997)). Similarly, Wu et al., Hepatology 27:772 (1998),have shown that labeling liposomes with asialofetuin led to a shortenedliposome plasma half-life and greatly enhanced uptake ofasialofetuin-labeled liposome by hepatocytes. On the other hand, hepaticaccumulation of liposomes comprising branched type galactosyllipidderivatives can be inhibited by preinjection of asialofetuin (Murahashiet al., Biol. Pharm. Bull. 20:259 (1997)). Polyaconitylated human serumalbumin liposomes provide another approach for targeting liposomes toliver cells (Kamps et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 94:11681 (1997)).Moreover, Geho, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,603,044, describe ahepatocyte-directed liposome vesicle delivery system, which hasspecificity for hepatobiliary receptors associated with the specializedmetabolic cells of the liver. In addition, anti-Ztnfr12 antibodycomponents can be used to direct liposomes to Ztnfr12-expressing cells,such as tumor cells of B cell origin.

In a more general approach to tissue targeting, target cells areprelabeled with biotinylated antibodies specific for a ligand expressedby the target cell (Harasym et al., Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 32:99 (1998)).After plasma elimination of free antibody, streptavidin-conjugatedliposomes are administered. In another approach, targeting antibodiesare directly attached to liposomes (Harasym et al., Adv. Drug Deliv.Rev. 32:99 (1998)).

Polypeptides having Ztnfr12 binding activity can be encapsulated withinliposomes using standard techniques of protein microencapsulation (see,for example, Anderson et al., Infect. Immun. 31:1099 (1981), Anderson etal., Cancer Res. 50:1853 (1990), and Cohen et al., Biochim. Biophys.Acta 1063:95 (1991), Alving et al. “Preparation and Use of Liposomes inImmunological Studies,” in Liposome Technology, 2nd Edition, Vol. III,Gregoriadis (ed.), page 317 (CRC Press 1993), Wassef et al., Meth.Enzymol. 149:124 (1987)). As noted above, therapeutically usefulliposomes may contain a variety of components. For example, liposomesmay comprise lipid derivatives of poly(ethylene glycol) (Allen et al.,Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1150:9 (1993)).

Degradable polymer microspheres have been designed to maintain highsystemic levels of therapeutic proteins. Microspheres are prepared fromdegradable polymers such as poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG),polyanhydrides, poly (ortho esters), nonbiodegradable ethylvinyl acetatepolymers, in which proteins are entrapped in the polymer (Gombotz andPettit, Bioconjugate Chem. 6:332 (1995); Ranade, “Role of Polymers inDrug Delivery,” in Drug Delivery Systems, Ranade and Hollinger (eds.),pages 51-93 (CRC Press 1995); Roskos and Maskiewicz, “DegradableControlled Release Systems Useful for Protein Delivery,” in ProteinDelivery: Physical Systems, Sanders and Hendren (eds.), pages 45-92(Plenum Press 1997); Bartus et al., Science 281:1161 (1998); Putney andBurke, Nature Biotechnology 16:153 (1998); Putney, Curr. Opin. Chem.Biol. 2:548 (1998)). Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated nanospheres canalso provide carriers for intravenous administration of therapeuticproteins (see, for example, Gref et al., Pharm. Biotechnol. 10:167(1997)).

The present invention also contemplates chemically modified polypeptideshaving binding Ztnfr12 activity and Ztnfr12 antagonists, in which apolypeptide is linked with a polymer, as discussed above. In addition,the present invention contemplates compositions, such as pharmaceuticalcompositions, comprising a carrier, a Ztnfr12 polypeptide, and at leastone of a BCMA polypeptide and a TACI polypeptide, as discussed above.

Other dosage forms can be devised by those skilled in the art, as shown,for example, by Ansel and Popovich, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and DrugDelivery Systems, 5^(th) Edition (Lea & Febiger 1990), Gennaro (ed.),Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19^(th) Edition (Mack PublishingCompany 1995), and by Ranade and Hollinger, Drug Delivery Systems (CRCPress 1996).

As an illustration, pharmaceutical compositions may be supplied as a kitcomprising a container that comprises a polypeptide with a Ztnfr12extracellular domain or a Ztnfr12 antagonist (e.g., an antibody orantibody fragment that binds a Ztnfr12 polypeptide). Therapeuticpolypeptides can be provided in the form of an injectable solution forsingle or multiple doses, or as a sterile powder that will bereconstituted before injection. Alternatively, such a kit can include adry-powder disperser, liquid aerosol generator, or nebulizer foradministration of a therapeutic polypeptide. Such a kit may furthercomprise written information on indications and usage of thepharmaceutical composition. Moreover, such information may include astatement that the Ztnfr12 composition is contraindicated in patientswith known hypersensitivity to Ztnfr12.

13. Therapeutic Uses of Ztnfr12 Nucleotide Sequences

The present invention includes the use of Ztnfr12 nucleotide sequencesto provide Ztnfr12 to a subject in need of such treatment. Anenhancement in Ztnfr12 activity can be useful as part of a treatment ofimmunosuppressive diseases. In addition, a therapeutic expression vectorcan be provided that inhibits Ztnfr12 gene expression, such as ananti-sense molecule, a ribozyme, or an external guide sequence moleculeInhibition of ZTNF4 activity can be achieved by introducing anexpression vector that encodes a form of the Ztnfr12 receptor thateither does not bind ZTNF4, or does not produce a signal followingbinding with ZTNF4 (e.g., due to a mutation in the Ztnfr12 intracellulardomain). For veterinary therapeutic use or human therapeutic use, suchnucleic acid molecules can be administered to a subject having adisorder or disease, as discussed above. As one example discussedearlier, nucleic acid molecules encoding a Ztnfr12-immunoglobulin fusionprotein can be used for long-term treatment of systemic lupuserythematosus.

There are numerous approaches to introduce a Ztnfr12 gene to a subject,including the use of recombinant host cells that express Ztnfr12,delivery of naked nucleic acid encoding Ztnfr12, use of a cationic lipidcarrier with a nucleic acid molecule that encodes Ztnfr12, and the useof viruses that express Ztnfr12, such as recombinant retroviruses,recombinant adeno-associated viruses, recombinant adenoviruses, andrecombinant Herpes simplex viruses (see, for example, Mulligan, Science260:926 (1993), Rosenberg et al., Science 242:1575 (1988), LaSalle etal., Science 259:988 (1993), Wolff et al., Science 247:1465 (1990),Breakfield and Deluca, The New Biologist 3:203 (1991)). In an ex vivoapproach, for example, cells are isolated from a subject, transfectedwith a vector that expresses a Ztnfr12 gene, and then transplanted intothe subject.

In order to effect expression of a Ztnfr12 gene, an expression vector isconstructed in which a nucleotide sequence encoding a Ztnfr12 gene isoperably linked to a core promoter, and optionally a regulatory element,to control gene transcription. The general requirements of an expressionvector are described above.

Alternatively, a Ztnfr12 gene can be delivered using recombinant viralvectors, including for example, adenoviral vectors (e.g., Kass-Eisler etal., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 90:11498 (1993), Kolls et al., Proc.Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 91:215 (1994), Li et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 4:403(1993), Vincent et al., Nat. Genet. 5:130 (1993), and Zabner et al.,Cell 75:207 (1993)), adenovirus-associated viral vectors (Flotte et al.,Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 90:10613 (1993)), alphaviruses such asSemliki Forest Virus and Sindbis Virus (Hertz and Huang, J. Vir. 66:857(1992), Raju and Huang, J. Vir. 65:2501 (1991), and Xiong et al.,Science 243:1188 (1989)), herpes viral vectors (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.4,769,331, 4,859,587, 5,288,641 and 5,328,688), parvovirus vectors(Koering et al., Hum. Gene Therap. 5:457 (1994)), pox virus vectors(Ozaki et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 193:653 (1993), Panicali andPaoletti, Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 79:4927 (1982)), pox viruses, suchas canary pox virus or vaccinia virus (Fisher-Hoch et al., Proc. Nat'lAcad. Sci. USA 86:317 (1989), and Flexner et al., Ann N.Y. Acad. Sci.569:86 (1989)), and retroviruses (e.g., Baba et al., J. Neurosurg 79:729(1993), Ram et al., Cancer Res. 53:83 (1993), Takamiya et al., J.Neurosci. Res 33:493 (1992), Vile and Hart, Cancer Res. 53:962 (1993),Vile and Hart, Cancer Res. 53:3860 (1993), and Anderson et al., U.S.Pat. No. 5,399,346). Within various embodiments, either the viral vectoritself, or a viral particle which contains the viral vector may beutilized in the methods and compositions described below.

As an illustration of one system, adenovirus, a double-stranded DNAvirus, is a well-characterized gene transfer vector for delivery of aheterologous nucleic acid molecule (for a review, see Becker et al.,Meth. Cell Biol. 43:161 (1994); Douglas and Curiel, Science & Medicine4:44 (1997)). The adenovirus system offers several advantages including:(i) the ability to accommodate relatively large DNA inserts, (ii) theability to be grown to high-titer, (iii) the ability to infect a broadrange of mammalian cell types, and (iv) the ability to be used with manydifferent promoters including ubiquitous, tissue specific, andregulatable promoters. In addition, adenoviruses can be administered byintravenous injection, because the viruses are stable in thebloodstream.

Using adenovirus vectors where portions of the adenovirus genome aredeleted, inserts are incorporated into the viral DNA by direct ligationor by homologous recombination with a co-transfected plasmid. In anexemplary system, the essential E1 gene is deleted from the viralvector, and the virus will not replicate unless the E1 gene is providedby the host cell. When intravenously administered to intact animals,adenovirus primarily targets the liver. Although an adenoviral deliverysystem with an E1 gene deletion cannot replicate in the host cells, thehost's tissue will express and process an encoded heterologous protein.Host cells will also secrete the heterologous protein if thecorresponding gene includes a secretory signal sequence. Secretedproteins will enter the circulation from tissue that expresses theheterologous gene (e.g., the highly vascularized liver).

Moreover, adenoviral vectors containing various deletions of viral genescan be used to reduce or eliminate immune responses to the vector. Suchadenoviruses are E1-deleted, and in addition, contain deletions of E2Aor E4 (Lusky et al., J. Virol. 72:2022 (1998); Raper et al., Human GeneTherapy 9:671 (1998)). The deletion of E2b has also been reported toreduce immune responses (Amalfitano et al., J. Virol. 72:926 (1998)). Bydeleting the entire adenovirus genome, very large inserts ofheterologous DNA can be accommodated. The generation of so called“gutless” adenoviruses, where all viral genes are deleted, isparticularly advantageous for insertion of large inserts of heterologousDNA (for a review, see Yeh. and Perricaudet, FASEB J. 11:615 (1997)).

High titer stocks of recombinant viruses capable of expressing atherapeutic gene can be obtained from infected mammalian cells usingstandard methods. For example, recombinant herpes simplex virus can beprepared in Vero cells, as described by Brandt et al., J. Gen. Virol.72:2043 (1991), Herold et al., J. Gen. Virol. 75:1211 (1994), Visalliand Brandt, Virology 185:419 (1991), Grau et al., Invest. Opthalmol.Vis. Sci. 30:2474 (1989), Brandt et al., J. Virol. Meth. 36:209 (1992),and by Brown and MacLean (eds.), HSV Virus Protocols (Humana Press1997).

Alternatively, an expression vector comprising a Ztnfr12 gene can beintroduced into a subject's cells by lipofection in vivo usingliposomes. Synthetic cationic lipids can be used to prepare liposomesfor in vivo transfection of a gene encoding a marker (Feigner et al.,Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 84:7413 (1987); Mackey et al., Proc. Nat'lAcad. Sci. USA 85:8027 (1988)). The use of lipofection to introduceexogenous genes into specific organs in vivo has certain practicaladvantages. Liposomes can be used to direct transfection to particularcell types, which is particularly advantageous in a tissue with cellularheterogeneity, such as the pancreas, liver, kidney, and brain. Lipidsmay be chemically coupled to other molecules for the purpose oftargeting. Targeted peptides (e.g., hormones or neurotransmitters),proteins such as antibodies, or non-peptide molecules can be coupled toliposomes chemically.

Electroporation is another alternative mode of administration. Forexample, Aihara and Miyazaki, Nature Biotechnology 16:867 (1998), havedemonstrated the use of in vivo electroporation for gene transfer intomuscle.

In an alternative approach to gene therapy, a therapeutic gene mayencode a Ztnfr12 anti-sense RNA that inhibits the expression of Ztnfr12.Suitable sequences for anti-sense molecules can be derived from thenucleotide sequences of Ztnfr12 disclosed herein.

Alternatively, an expression vector can be constructed in which aregulatory element is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence thatencodes a ribozyme. Ribozymes can be designed to express endonucleaseactivity that is directed to a certain target sequence in an mRNAmolecule (see, for example, Draper and Macejak, U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,698,McSwiggen, U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,468, Chowrira and McSwiggen, U.S. Pat.No. 5,631,359, and Robertson and Goldberg, U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,337). Inthe context of the present invention, ribozymes include nucleotidesequences that bind with Ztnfr12 mRNA.

In another approach, expression vectors can be constructed in which aregulatory element directs the production of RNA transcripts capable ofpromoting RNase P-mediated cleavage of mRNA molecules that encode aZtnfr12 gene. According to this approach, an external guide sequence canbe constructed for directing the endogenous ribozyme, RNase P, to aparticular species of intracellular mRNA, which is subsequently cleavedby the cellular ribozyme (see, for example, Altman et al., U.S. Pat. No.5,168,053, Yuan et al., Science 263:1269 (1994), Pace et al.,international publication No. WO 96/18733, George et al., internationalpublication No. WO 96/21731, and Werner et al., internationalpublication No. WO 97/33991). For example, the external guide sequencecan comprise a ten to fifteen nucleotide sequence complementary toZtnfr12 mRNA, and a 3′-NCCA nucleotide sequence, wherein N is preferablya purine. The external guide sequence transcripts bind to the targetedmRNA species by the formation of base pairs between the mRNA and thecomplementary external guide sequences, thus promoting cleavage of mRNAby RNase P at the nucleotide located at the 5′-side of the base-pairedregion.

In general, the dosage of a composition comprising a therapeutic vectorhaving a Ztnfr12 nucleotide sequence, such as a recombinant virus, willvary depending upon such factors as the subject's age, weight, height,sex, general medical condition and previous medical history. Suitableroutes of administration of therapeutic vectors include intravenousinjection, intraarterial injection, intraperitoneal injection,intramuscular injection, intratumoral injection, and injection into acavity that contains a tumor. As an illustration, Horton et al., Proc.Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 96:1553 (1999), demonstrated that intramuscularinjection of plasmid DNA encoding interferon-α produces potent antitumoreffects on primary and metastatic tumors in a murine model.

A composition comprising viral vectors, non-viral vectors, or acombination of viral and non-viral vectors of the present invention canbe formulated according to known methods to prepare pharmaceuticallyuseful compositions, whereby vectors or viruses are combined in amixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As noted above, acomposition, such as phosphate-buffered saline is said to be a“pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” if its administration can betolerated by a recipient subject. Other suitable carriers are well-knownto those in the art (see, for example, Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences, 19th Ed. (Mack Publishing Co. 1995), and Gilman's thePharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 7th Ed. (MacMillan Publishing Co.1985)).

For purposes of therapy, a therapeutic gene expression vector, or arecombinant virus comprising such a vector, and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier are administered to a subject in a therapeuticallyeffective amount. A combination of an expression vector (or virus) and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier is said to be administered in a“therapeutically effective amount” if the amount administered isphysiologically significant. An agent is physiologically significant ifits presence results in a detectable change in the physiology of arecipient subject. For example, an agent used to treat inflammation isphysiologically significant if its presence alleviates the inflammatoryresponse. As another example, an agent used to inhibit the growth oftumor cells is physiologically significant if the administration of theagent results in a decrease in the number of tumor cells, decreasedmetastasis, a decrease in the size of a solid tumor, or increasednecrosis of a tumor.

When the subject treated with a therapeutic gene expression vector or arecombinant virus is a human, then the therapy is preferably somaticcell gene therapy. That is, the preferred treatment of a human with atherapeutic gene expression vector or a recombinant virus does notentail introducing into cells a nucleic acid molecule that can form partof a human germ line and be passed onto successive generations (i.e.,human germ line gene therapy).

14. Therapeutically Useful Immunoconjugates

The present invention contemplates the use of naked anti-Ztnfr12antibodies (or naked antibody fragments thereof), as well as the use ofimmunoconjugates to effect treatment of various disorders, includingB-cell malignancies, as discussed above. Immunoconjugates can beprepared using standard techniques. For example, immunoconjugates can beproduced by indirectly conjugating a therapeutic agent to an antibodycomponent (see, for example, Shih et al., Int. J. Cancer 41:832-839(1988); Shih et al., Int. J. Cancer 46:1101-1106 (1990); and Shih etal., U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,313). Briefly, one standard approach involvesreacting an antibody component having an oxidized carbohydrate portionwith a carrier polymer that has at least one free amine function andthat is loaded with a plurality of drug, toxin, chelator, boron addends,or other therapeutic agent. This reaction results in an initial Schiffbase (imine) linkage, which can be stabilized by reduction to asecondary amine to form the final conjugate.

The carrier polymer can be an aminodextran or polypeptide of at least 50amino acid residues, although other substantially equivalent polymercarriers can also be used. Preferably, the final immunoconjugate issoluble in an aqueous solution, such as mammalian serum, for ease ofadministration and effective targeting for use in therapy. Thus,solubilizing functions on the carrier polymer will enhance the serumsolubility of the final immunoconjugate.

In an alternative approach for producing immunoconjugates comprising apolypeptide therapeutic agent, the therapeutic agent is coupled toaminodextran by glutaraldehyde condensation or by reaction of activatedcarboxyl groups on the polypeptide with amines on the aminodextran.Chelators can be attached to an antibody component to prepareimmunoconjugates comprising radiometals or magnetic resonance enhancers.Illustrative chelators include derivatives of ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. Boron addends, such ascarboranes, can be attached to antibody components by conventionalmethods.

Immunoconjugates can also be prepared by directly conjugating anantibody component with a therapeutic agent. The general procedure isanalogous to the indirect method of conjugation except that atherapeutic agent is directly attached to an oxidized antibodycomponent.

As a further illustration, a therapeutic agent can be attached at thehinge region of a reduced antibody component via disulfide bondformation. For example, the tetanus toxoid peptides can be constructedwith a single cysteine residue that is used to attach the peptide to anantibody component. As an alternative, such peptides can be attached tothe antibody component using a heterobifunctional cross-linker, such asN-succinyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)proprionate. Yu et al., Int. J. Cancer56:244 (1994). General techniques for such conjugation are well-known inthe art. See, for example, Wong, Chemistry Of Protein Conjugation AndCross-Linking (CRC Press 1991); Upeslacis et al., “Modification ofAntibodies by Chemical Methods,” in Monoclonal Antibodies: PrinciplesAnd Applications, Birch et al. (eds.), pages 187-230 (Wiley-Liss, Inc.1995); Price, “Production and Characterization of SyntheticPeptide-Derived Antibodies,” in Monoclonal Antibodies: Production,Engineering And Clinical Application, Ritter et al. (eds.), pages 60-84(Cambridge University Press 1995).

As described above, carbohydrate moieties in the Fc region of anantibody can be used to conjugate a therapeutic agent. However, the Fcregion is absent if an antibody fragment is used as the antibodycomponent of the immunoconjugate. Nevertheless, it is possible tointroduce a carbohydrate moiety into the light chain variable region ofan antibody or antibody fragment. See, for example, Leung et al., J.Immunol. 154:5919 (1995); Hansen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,953 (1995).The engineered carbohydrate moiety is then used to attach a therapeuticagent.

In addition, those of skill in the art will recognize numerous possiblevariations of the conjugation methods. For example, the carbohydratemoiety can be used to attach polyethyleneglycol in order to extend thehalf-life of an intact antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, inblood, lymph, or other extracellular fluids. Moreover, it is possible toconstruct a divalent immunoconjugate by attaching therapeutic agents toa carbohydrate moiety and to a free sulfhydryl group. Such a freesulfhydryl group may be located in the hinge region of the antibodycomponent.

One type of immunoconjugate comprises an antibody component and apolypeptide cytotoxin. An example of a suitable polypeptide cytotoxin isa ribosome-inactivating protein. Type I ribosome-inactivating proteinsare single-chain proteins, while type II ribosome-inactivating proteinsconsist of two nonidentical subunits (A and B chains) joined by adisulfide bond (for a review, see Soria et al., Targeted Diagn. Ther.7:193 (1992)). Useful type I ribosome-inactivating proteins includepolypeptides from Saponaria officinalis (e.g., saporin-1, saporin-2,saporin-3, saporin-6), Momordica charantia (e.g, momordin), Byroniadioica (e.g., bryodin, bryodin-2), Trichosanthes kirilowii (e.g.,trichosanthin, trichokirin), Gelonium multiflorum (e.g., gelonin),Phytolacca americana (e.g., pokeweed antiviral protein, pokeweedantiviral protein-II, pokeweed antiviral protein-S), Phytolaccadodecandra (e.g., dodecandrin, Mirabilis antiviral protein), and thelike. Ribosome-inactivating proteins are described, for example, byWalsh et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,384.

Suitable type II ribosome-inactivating proteins include polypeptidesfrom Ricinus communis (e.g., ricin), Abrus precatorius (e.g., abrin),Adenia digitata (e.g., modeccin), and the like. Since type IIribosome-inactiving proteins include a B chain that binds galactosidesand a toxic A chain that depurinates adensoine, type IIribosome-inactivating protein conjugates should include the A chain.Additional useful ribosome-inactivating proteins include bouganin,clavin, maize ribosome-inactivating proteins, Vaccaria pyramidataribosome-inactivating proteins, nigrine b, basic nigrine 1, ebuline,racemosine b, luffin-a, luffin-b, luffin-S, and otherribosome-inactivating proteins known to those of skill in the art. See,for example, Bolognesi and Stirpe, international publication No.WO98/55623, Colnaghi et al., international publication No. WO97/49726,Hey et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,384, Bolognesi and Stirpe, internationalpublication No. WO95/07297, Arias et al., international publication No.WO94/20540, Watanabe et al., J. Biochem. 106:6 977 (1989); Islam et al.,Agric. Biol. Chem. 55:229 (1991), and Gao et al., FEBS Lett. 347:257(1994).

Analogs and variants of naturally-occurring ribosome-inactivatingproteins are also suitable for the targeting compositions describedherein, and such proteins are known to those of skill in the art.Ribosome-inactivating proteins can be produced using publicly availableamino acid and nucleotide sequences. As an illustration, a nucleotidesequence encoding saporin-6 is disclosed by Lorenzetti et al., U.S. Pat.No. 5,529,932, while Walsh et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,384, describemaize and barley ribosome-inactivating protein nucleotide and amino acidsequences. Moreover, ribosome-inactivating proteins are alsocommercially available.

Additional polypeptide cytotoxins include ribonuclease, DNase I,Staphylococcal enterotoxin-A, diphtheria toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin,and Pseudomonas endotoxin. See, for example, Pastan et al., Cell 47:641(1986), and Goldenberg, C A—A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 44:43(1994).

Another general type of useful cytotoxin is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.Since the activation of proliferation by tyrosine kinases has beensuggested to play a role in the development and progression of tumors,this activation can be inhibited by anti-Ztnfr12 antibody componentsthat deliver tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Suitable tyrosine kinaseinhibitors include isoflavones, such as genistein(5,7,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone), daidzein (7,4′-dihydroxyisoflavone), andbiochanin A (4-methoxygenistein), and the like. Methods of conjugatingtyrosine inhibitors to a growth factor are described, for example, byUckun, U.S. Pat. No. 5,911,995.

Another group of useful polypeptide cytotoxins includesimmunomodulators. As used herein, the term “immunomodulator” includescytokines, stem cell growth factors, lymphotoxins, co-stimulatorymolecules, hematopoietic factors, and the like, as well as syntheticanalogs of these molecules. Examples of immunomodulators include tumornecrosis factor, interleukins (e.g., interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-3,IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-14,IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-19, IL-20, and IL-21), colony stimulatingfactors (e.g., granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and granulocytemacrophage-colony stimulating factor), interferons (e.g., interferons-α,-β, -γ, -ω, -ε, and -τ), the stem cell growth factor designated “Sifactor,” erythropoietin, and thrombopoietin. Illustrativeimmunomodulator moieties include IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, interferon-γ, TNF-γ,and the like.

Immunoconjugates that include an immunomodulator provide a means todeliver an immunomodulator to a target cell, and are particularly usefulagainst tumor cells. The cytotoxic effects of immunomodulators are wellknown to those of skill in the art. See, for example, Klegerman et al.,“Lymphokines and Monokines,” in Biotechnology And Pharmacy, Pessuto etal. (eds.), pages 53-70 (Chapman & Hall 1993). As an illustration,interferons can inhibit cell proliferation by inducing increasedexpression of class I histocompatibility antigens on the surface ofvarious cells and thus, enhance the rate of destruction of cells bycytotoxic T lymphocytes. Furthermore, tumor necrosis factors, such astumor necrosis factor-α, are believed to produce cytotoxic effects byinducing DNA fragmentation.

The present invention also includes immunocongugates that comprise anucleic acid molecule encoding a cytotoxin. As an example of thisapproach, Hoganson et al., Human Gene Ther. 9:2565 (1998), describeFGF-2 mediated delivery of a saporin gene by producing anFGF-2-polylysine conjugate which was condensed with an expression vectorcomprising a saporin gene.

Other suitable toxins are known to those of skill in the art.

Conjugates of cytotoxic polypeptides and antibody components can beprepared using standard techniques for conjugating polypeptides. Forexample, Lam and Kelleher, U.S. Pat. No. 5,055,291, describe theproduction of antibodies conjugated with either diphtheria toxinfragment A or ricin toxin. The general approach is also illustrated bymethods of conjugating fibroblast growth factor with saporin, asdescribed by Lappi et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 160:917 (1989),Soria et al., Targeted Diagn. Ther. 7:193 (1992), Buechler et al., Eur.J. Biochem. 234:706 (1995), Behar-Cohen et al., Invest. Opthalmol. Vis.Sci. 36:2434 (1995), Lappi and Baird, U.S. Pat. No. 5,191,067, Calabresiet al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,804, and Lappi and Baird, U.S. Pat. No.5,576,288. Also see, Ghetie and Vitteta, “Chemical Construction ofImmunotoxins,” in Drug Targeting: Strategies, Principles, andApplications, Francis and Delgado (Eds.), pages 1-26 (Humana Press, Inc.2000), Hall (Ed.), Immunotoxin Methods and Protocols (Humana Press, Inc.2000), and Newton and Rybak, “Construction of Ribonuclease-AntibodyConjugates for Selective Cytotoxicity,” in Drug Targeting: Strategies,Principles, and Applications, Francis and Delgado (Eds.), pages 27-35(Humana Press, Inc. 2000).

Alternatively, fusion proteins comprising an antibody component and acytotoxic polypeptide can be produced using standard methods. Methods ofpreparing fusion proteins comprising a cytotoxic polypeptide moiety arewell-known in the art of antibody-toxin fusion protein production. Forexample, antibody fusion proteins comprising an interleukin-2 moiety aredescribed by Boleti et al., Ann. Oncol. 6:945 (1995), Nicolet et al.,Cancer Gene Ther. 2:161 (1995), Becker et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci.USA 93:7826 (1996), Hank et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 2:1951 (1996), and Huet al., Cancer Res. 56:4998 (1996). In addition, Yang et al., Hum.Antibodies Hybridomas 6:129 (1995), describe a fusion protein thatincludes an F(ab′)₂ fragment and a tumor necrosis factor alpha moiety.Antibody-Pseudomonas exotoxin A fusion proteins have been described byChaudhary et al., Nature 339:394 (1989), Brinkmann et al., Proc. Nat'lAcad. Sci. USA 88:8616 (1991), Batra et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA89:5867 (1992), Friedman et al., J. Immunol. 150:3054 (1993), WeIs etal., Int. J. Can. 60:137 (1995), Fominaya et al., J. Biol. Chem.271:10560 (1996), Kuan et al., Biochemistry 35:2872 (1996), and Schmidtet al., Int. J. Can. 65:538 (1996). Antibody-toxin fusion proteinscontaining a diphtheria toxin moiety have been described by Kreitman etal., Leukemia 7:553 (1993), Nicholls et al., J. Biol. Chem. 268:5302(1993), Thompson et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270:28037 (1995), and Vallera etal., Blood 88:2342 (1996). Deonarain et al., Tumor Targeting 1:177(1995), have described an antibody-toxin fusion protein having an RNasemoiety, while Linardou et al., Cell Biophys. 24-25:243 (1994), producedan antibody-toxin fusion protein comprising a DNase I component. Geloninwas used as the toxin moiety in the antibody-toxin fusion protein ofBetter et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270:14951 (1995). As a further example,Dohlsten et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 91:8945 (1994), reported anantibody-toxin fusion protein comprising Staphylococcal enterotoxin-A.Also see, Newton and Rybak, “Preparation of Recombinant RNaseSingle-Chain Antibody Fusion Proteins,” in Drug Targeting: Strategies,Principles, and Applications, Francis and Delgado (Eds.), pages 77-95(Humana Press, Inc. 2000).

As an alternative to a polypeptide cytotoxin, immunoconjugates cancomprise a radioisotope as the cytotoxic moiety. For example, animmunoconjugate can comprise an anti-Ztnfr12 antibody component and anα-emitting radioisotope, a β-emitting radioisotope, a γ-emittingradioisotope, an Auger electron emitter, a neutron capturing agent thatemits α-particles or a radioisotope that decays by electron capture.Suitable radioisotopes include ¹⁹⁸Au, ¹⁹⁹Au, ³²P, ³³P, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ¹²³I,⁹⁰Y, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ⁶⁷Cu, ²¹¹At, ⁴⁷Sc, ¹⁰³Pb, ¹⁰⁹Pd, ²¹²Pb, ⁷¹Ge, ⁷⁷As,¹⁰⁵Rh, ¹¹³Ag, ¹¹⁹Sb, ¹²¹Sn, ¹³¹Cs, ¹⁴³Pr, ¹⁶¹Tb, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ¹⁹¹Os,^(193M)Pt, ¹⁹⁷Hg, and the like.

A radioisotope can be attached to an antibody component directly orindirectly, via a chelating agent. For example, ⁶⁷Cu, which providesβ-particles and γ-rays, can be conjugated to an antibody component usingthe chelating agent, p-bromoacetamido-benzyl-tetraethylaminetetraaceticacid. Chase and Shapiro, “Medical Applications of Radioisotopes,” inGennaro (Ed.), Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19thEdition, pages 843-865 (Mack Publishing Company 1995). As analternative, ⁹⁰Y, which emits an energetic β-particle, can be coupled toan antibody component using diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid.Moreover, an exemplary suitable method for the direct radiolabeling ofan antibody component with ¹³¹I is described by Stein et al., AntibodyImmunoconj. Radiopharm. 4:703 (1991). Alternatively, boron addends suchas carboranes can be attached to antibody components, using standardtechniques.

Another type of suitable cytotoxin for the preparation ofimmunoconjugates is a chemotherapeutic drug. Illustrativechemotherapeutic drugs include nitrogen mustards, alkyl sulfonates,nitrosoureas, triazenes, folic acid analogs, pyrimidine analogs, purineanalogs, antibiotics, epipodophyllotoxins, platinum coordinationcomplexes, and the like. Specific examples of chemotherapeutic drugsinclude methotrexate, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, cytosinarabinoside,cis-platin, vindesine, mitomycin, bleomycin, melphalan, chlorambucil,maytansinoids, calicheamicin, taxol, and the like. Suitablechemotherapeutic agents are described in Remington: The Science andPractice of Pharmacy, 19th Edition (Mack Publishing Co. 1995), and inGoodman And Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis Of Therapeutics, 9th Ed.(MacMillan Publishing Co. 1995). Other suitable chemotherapeutic agentsare known to those of skill in the art.

In another approach, immunoconjugates are prepared by conjugatingphotoactive agents or dyes to an antibody component. Fluorescent andother chromogens, or dyes, such as porphyrins sensitive to visiblelight, have been used to detect and to treat lesions by directing thesuitable light to the lesion. This type of “photoradiation,”“phototherapy,” or “photodynamic” therapy is described, for example, byMew et al., J. Immunol. 130:1473 (1983), Joni et al. (eds.),Photodynamic Therapy Of Tumors And Other Diseases (Libreria Progetto1985), Oseroff et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:8744 (1986), vanden Bergh, Chem. Britain 22:430 (1986), Hasan et al., Prog. Clin. Biol.Res. 288:471 (1989), Tatsuta et al., Lasers Surg. Med. 9:422 (1989), andPelegrin et al., Cancer 67:2529 (1991).

Immunoconjugates used for therapy can comprise pharmaceuticallyacceptable water-soluble polymer moieties. Methods for attaching suchpolymers are known to those of skill in the art, and have been describedpreviously.

The approaches described above can also be used to prepare multispecificantibody compositions that comprise an immunoconjugate. Polypeptidecytotoxins can also be conjugated with a soluble polymer using the abovemethods either before or after conjugation to an antibody component.Soluble polymers can also be conjugated with antibody fusion proteins.

In general, anti-Ztnfr12 immunoconjugates can be administered asdiscussed previously with regard to the therapeutic uses of Ztnfr12polypeptides. Naked anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies, or antibody fragments, canbe supplemented with immunoconjugate or antibody fusion proteinadministration. In one variation, naked anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies (ornaked antibody fragments) are administered with low-dose radiolabeledanti-Ztnfr12 antibodies or antibody fragments. As a second alternative,naked anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies (or antibody fragments) are administeredwith low-dose radiolabeled anti-Ztnfr12 antibody-cytokineimmunoconjugates. As a third alternative, naked anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies(or antibody fragments) are administered with anti-Ztnfr12-cytokineimmunoconjugates that are not radiolabeled. With regard to “low doses”of ¹³¹I-labeled immunoconjugates, a preferable dosage is in the range of15 to 40 mCi, while the most preferable range is 20 to 30 mCi. Incontrast, a preferred dosage of ⁹⁰Y-labeled immunoconjugates is in therange from 10 to 30 mCi, while the most preferable range is 10 to 20mCi. Similarly, bispecific antibody components can be supplemented withimmunoconjugate or antibody fusion protein administration.

Immunoconjugates having a boron addend-loaded carrier for thermalneutron activation therapy will normally be effected in similar ways.However, it will be advantageous to wait until non-targetedimmunoconjugate clears before neutron irradiation is performed.Clearance can be accelerated using an antibody that binds to theimmunoconjugate. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,624,846 for a description of thisgeneral principle.

The present invention also contemplates a method of treatment in whichimmunomodulators are administered to prevent, mitigate or reverseradiation-induced or drug-induced toxicity of normal cells, andespecially hematopoietic cells. Adjunct immunomodulator therapy allowsthe administration of higher doses of cytotoxic agents due to increasedtolerance of the recipient mammal Moreover, adjunct immunomodulatortherapy can prevent, palliate, or reverse dose-limiting marrow toxicity.Examples of suitable immunomodulators for adjunct therapy includegranulocyte-colony stimulating factor, granulocyte macrophage-colonystimulating factor, thrombopoietin, IL-1, IL-3, IL-12, and the like. Themethod of adjunct immunomodulator therapy is disclosed by Goldenberg,U.S. Pat. No. 5,120,525.

Anti-Ztnfr12 antibodies and immunoconjugates can be tested using the invitro approaches and animal models described above for the evaluation ofZtnfr12 polypeptides and Ztnfr12 fusion proteins.

The efficacy of anti-Ztnfr12 antibody therapy can be enhanced bysupplementing naked antibody components with immunoconjugates and otherforms of supplemental therapy described herein. In such multimodalregimens, the supplemental therapeutic compositions can be administeredbefore, concurrently or after administration of naked anti-Ztnfr12antibodies. Multimodal therapies of the present invention furtherinclude immunotherapy with naked anti-Ztnfr12 antibody componentssupplemented with administration of anti-Ztnfr12 immunoconjugates. Inanother form of multimodal therapy, subjects receive naked anti-Ztnfr12antibodies and standard cancer chemotherapy.

Pharmaceutical compositions may be supplied as a kit comprising acontainer that comprises anti-Ztnfr12 antibody components, or bispecificantibody components. Therapeutic molecules can be provided in the formof an injectable solution for single or multiple doses, or as a sterilepowder that will be reconstituted before injection. Alternatively, sucha kit can include a dry-powder disperser, liquid aerosol generator, ornebulizer for administration of an anti-Ztnfr12 antibody component. Sucha kit may further comprise written information on indications and usageof the pharmaceutical composition. Moreover, such information mayinclude a statement that the composition is contraindicated in patientswith known hypersensitivity to exogenous antibodies.

15. Production of Transgenic Mice

Transgenic mice can be engineered to over-express the Ztnfr12 gene inall tissues or under the control of a tissue-specific ortissue-preferred regulatory element. These over-producers of Ztnfr12 canbe used to characterize the phenotype that results from over-expression,and the transgenic animals can serve as models for human disease causedby excess Ztnfr12. Transgenic mice that over-express Ztnfr12 alsoprovide model bioreactors for production of Ztnfr12, such as solubleZtnfr12, in the milk or blood of larger animals. Methods for producingtransgenic mice are well-known to those of skill in the art (see, forexample, Jacob, “Expression and Knockout of Interferons in TransgenicMice,” in Overexpression and Knockout of Cytokines in Transgenic Mice,Jacob (ed.), pages 111-124 (Academic Press, Ltd. 1994), Monastersky andRobl (eds.), Strategies in Transgenic Animal Science (ASM Press 1995),and Abbud and Nilson, “Recombinant Protein Expression in TransgenicMice,” in Gene Expression Systems: Using Nature for the Art ofExpression, Fernandez and Hoeffler (eds.), pages 367-397 (AcademicPress, Inc. 1999)).

For example, a method for producing a transgenic mouse that expresses aZtnfr12 gene can begin with adult, fertile males (studs) (B6C3f1, 2-8months of age (Taconic Farms, Germantown, N.Y.)), vasectomized males(duds) (B6D2f1, 2-8 months, (Taconic Farms)), prepubescent fertilefemales (donors) (B6C3f1, 4-5 weeks, (Taconic Farms)) and adult fertilefemales (recipients) (B6D2f1, 2-4 months, (Taconic Farms)). The donorsare acclimated for one week and then injected with approximately 8IU/mouse of Pregnant Mare's Serum gonadotrophin (Sigma Chemical Company;St. Louis, Mo.) I.P., and 46-47 hours later, 8 IU/mouse of humanChorionic Gonadotropin (hCG (Sigma)) I.P. to induce superovulation.Donors are mated with studs subsequent to hormone injections. Ovulationgenerally occurs within 13 hours of hCG injection. Copulation isconfirmed by the presence of a vaginal plug the morning followingmating.

Fertilized eggs are collected under a surgical scope. The oviducts arecollected and eggs are released into urinanalysis slides containinghyaluronidase (Sigma). Eggs are washed once in hyaluronidase, and twicein Whitten's W640 medium (described, for example, by Menino andO′Claray, Biol. Reprod. 77:159 (1986), and Dienhart and Downs, Zygote4:129 (1996)) that has been incubated with 5% CO₂, 5% O₂, and 90% N₂ at37° C. The eggs are then stored in a 37° C./5% CO₂ incubator untilmicroinjection.

Ten to twenty micrograms of plasmid DNA containing a Ztnfr12 encodingsequence is linearized, gel-purified, and resuspended in 10 mM Tris-HCl(pH 7.4), 0.25 mM EDTA (pH 8.0), at a final concentration of 5-10nanograms per microliter for microinjection. For example, the Ztnfr12encoding sequences can encode a polypeptide comprising amino acidresidues 1 to 69 of SEQ ID NO:2, comprising amino acid residues 1 to 79of SEQ ID NO:2, or comprising amino acid residues 1 to 69 of SEQ IDNO:13.

Plasmid DNA is microinjected into harvested eggs contained in a drop ofW640 medium overlaid by warm, CO₂-equilibrated mineral oil. The DNA isdrawn into an injection needle (pulled from a 0.75 mm ID, 1 mm ODborosilicate glass capillary), and injected into individual eggs. Eachegg is penetrated with the injection needle, into one or both of thehaploid pronuclei.

Picoliters of DNA are injected into the pronuclei, and the injectionneedle withdrawn without coming into contact with the nucleoli. Theprocedure is repeated until all the eggs are injected. Successfullymicroinjected eggs are transferred into an organ tissue-culture dishwith pre-gassed W640 medium for storage overnight in a 37° C./5% CO₂incubator.

The following day, two-cell embryos are transferred into pseudopregnantrecipients. The recipients are identified by the presence of copulationplugs, after copulating with vasectomized duds. Recipients areanesthetized and shaved on the dorsal left side and transferred to asurgical microscope. A small incision is made in the skin and throughthe muscle wall in the middle of the abdominal area outlined by theribcage, the saddle, and the hind leg, midway between knee and spleen.The reproductive organs are exteriorized onto a small surgical drape.The fat pad is stretched out over the surgical drape, and a babyserrefine (Roboz, Rockville, Md.) is attached to the fat pad and lefthanging over the back of the mouse, preventing the organs from slidingback in.

With a fine transfer pipette containing mineral oil followed byalternating W640 and air bubbles, 12-17 healthy two-cell embryos fromthe previous day's injection are transferred into the recipient. Theswollen ampulla is located and holding the oviduct between the ampullaand the bursa, a nick in the oviduct is made with a 28 g needle close tothe bursa, making sure not to tear the ampulla or the bursa.

The pipette is transferred into the nick in the oviduct, and the embryosare blown in, allowing the first air bubble to escape the pipette. Thefat pad is gently pushed into the peritoneum, and the reproductiveorgans allowed to slide in. The peritoneal wall is closed with onesuture and the skin closed with a wound clip. The mice recuperate on a37° C. slide warmer for a minimum of four hours.

The recipients are returned to cages in pairs, and allowed 19-21 daysgestation. After birth, 19-21 days postpartum is allowed before weaning.The weanlings are sexed and placed into separate sex cages, and a 0.5 cmbiopsy (used for genotyping) is snipped off the tail with cleanscissors.

Genomic DNA is prepared from the tail snips using, for example, a QIAGENDNEASY kit following the manufacturer's instructions. Genomic DNA isanalyzed by PCR using primers designed to amplify a Ztnfr12 gene or aselectable marker gene that was introduced in the same plasmid. Afteranimals are confirmed to be transgenic, they are back-crossed into aninbred strain by placing a transgenic female with a wild-type male, or atransgenic male with one or two wild-type female(s). As pups are bornand weaned, the sexes are separated, and their tails snipped forgenotyping.

To check for expression of a transgene in a live animal, a partialhepatectomy is performed. A surgical prep is made of the upper abdomendirectly below the zyphoid process. Using sterile technique, a small1.5-2 cm incision is made below the sternum and the left lateral lobe ofthe liver exteriorized. Using 4-0 silk, a tie is made around the lowerlobe securing it outside the body cavity. An atraumatic clamp is used tohold the tie while a second loop of absorbable Dexon (American Cyanamid;Wayne, N.J.) is placed proximal to the first tie. A distal cut is madefrom the Dexon tie and approximately 100 mg of the excised liver tissueis placed in a sterile petri dish. The excised liver section istransferred to a 14 ml polypropylene round bottom tube and snap frozenin liquid nitrogen and then stored on dry ice. The surgical site isclosed with suture and wound clips, and the animal's cage placed on a37° C. heating pad for 24 hours post operatively. The animal is checkeddaily post operatively and the wound clips removed 7-10 days aftersurgery. The expression level of Ztnfr12 mRNA is examined for eachtransgenic mouse using an RNA solution hybridization assay or polymerasechain reaction.

In addition to producing transgenic mice that over-express Ztnfr12, itis useful to engineer transgenic mice with either abnormally low or noexpression of the gene. Such transgenic mice provide useful models fordiseases associated with a lack of Ztnfr12. As discussed above, Ztnfr12gene expression can be inhibited using anti-sense genes, ribozyme genes,or external guide sequence genes. To produce transgenic mice thatunder-express the Ztnfr12 gene, such inhibitory sequences are targetedto Ztnfr12 mRNA. Methods for producing transgenic mice that haveabnormally low expression of a particular gene are known to those in theart (see, for example, Wu et al., “Gene Underexpression in CulturedCells and Animals by Antisense DNA and RNA Strategies,” in Methods inGene Biotechnology, pages 205-224 (CRC Press 1997)).

An alternative approach to producing transgenic mice that have little orno Ztnfr12 gene expression is to generate mice having at least onenormal Ztnfr12 allele replaced by a nonfunctional Ztnfr12 gene. Onemethod of designing a nonfunctional Ztnfr12 gene is to insert anothergene, such as a selectable marker gene, within a nucleic acid moleculethat encodes Ztnfr12. Standard methods for producing these so-called“knockout mice” are known to those skilled in the art (see, for example,Jacob, “Expression and Knockout of Interferons in Transgenic Mice,” inOverexpression and Knockout of Cytokines in Transgenic Mice, Jacob(ed.), pages 111-124 (Academic Press, Ltd. 1994), and Wu et al., “NewStrategies for Gene Knockout,” in Methods in Gene Biotechnology, pages339-365 (CRC Press 1997)).

The present invention, thus generally described, will be understood morereadily by reference to the following examples, which are provided byway of illustration and is not intended to be limiting of the presentinvention.

Example 1 Isolation of a Nucleic Acid Molecule Encoding Ztnfr12

This study used a human B-lymphoid precursor cell line, designated as“Reh” (ATCC No. CRL-8286). A cDNA library was prepared from Reh cells,and arrayed using sixteen 96-well plates. Each well contained about 250E. coli colonies with each colony containing one cDNA clone. DNAminipreps were prepared in 96-well format using the Qiaprep96 Turbo kit(Qiagen, Inc.; Valencia, Calif.). The DNA was then divided into 128pools that represented 3000 clones each. These pools were transfectedinto COS-7 cells in 12-well plates, and the positive pools weredetermined by cell-surface ZTNF4 binding.

The COS cell transfection was performed as follows. Five microliters ofpooled DNA (about 0.5-1.0 μg) and 5 μl of lipofectamine were mixed in 92μl of serum free DMEM medium (55 mg sodium pyruvate, 146 mg L-glutamine,5 mg transferrin, 2.5 mg insulin, 1 μg selenium, and 5 mg fetuin in 500ml DMEM), incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then 400 μlof serum free DMEM medium were added. Five hundred microliters of thismixture were added to 1.5×10⁵ COS cells/well plated on 12-wellfibrinectin-pretreated tissue culture plates, and the cells wereincubated for 5 hours at 37° C. Then, 500 μl of 20% FBS DMEM medium (100ml FBS, 55 mg sodium pyruvate, and 146 mg L-glutamine in 500 ml DMEM)were added per well, and the cells were incubated overnight.

The cell-surface binding assay was performed using biotinylatedFLAG-tagged ZTNF4 as follows. Media were rinsed from the cells with 1%BSA/PBS and the cells were blocked for 1 hour with TNB (0.1 M Tris-HCL,0.15 M NaCl, and 0.5% Blocking Reagent—NEN Renaissance TSA-Direct KitCat# NEL701—in H₂O). Then, the cells were incubated for 1 hour with g/mlbiotinylated FLAG-tagged ZTNF4 in TNB. Cells were washed with 1%BSA/PBS, and then incubated for another hour with 1:300 dilutedstreptavidin-HRP (NEN kit) in TNB. Cells were washed with 1% BSA/PBS andthen fixed for 15 minutes with 1.8% formaldehyde in PBS. Next, the cellswere washed with TNT (0.1 M Tris-HCL, 0.15 M NaCl, and 0.05% Tween-20 inwater). Binding was detected by incubating cells for four to fiveminutes with fluorescein tyramide reagent diluted 1:50 in dilutionbuffer (NEN kit). Cells were washed with TNT, and were preserved withVECTASHIELD Mounting Media (Vector Labs; Burlingame, Calif.) diluted 1:5in TNT. The cells were visualized using an FITC filter on a fluorescentmicroscope.

One of the positive DNA pools, “10A11,” was identified using the methoddescribed above. The DNA of pool 10A11 was electroporated into E. coliDH10B, and the colonies were filter-lifted and washed. DNA isolated fromE. coli was then transfected into COS cells, and the positive pool DNA“4D” was identified using the ZTNF4 binding assay. The colonies of pool4D were transferred into a 96-well, and the DNA was isolated using theQiaprep96 Turbo kit. The positive clone 4D2H-6 was identified using themethod mentioned above. To test the specificity of ZTNF4 binding, the4D2H-6 clone DNA was transfected into COS cells, and the binding ofZTNF4 and ZTNF2 was tested. Although ZTNF4 binds to COS cellstransfected with 4D2H-6 DNA, ZTNF2 did not bind with the cells. Incontrast, both ZTNF4 and ZTNF2 bound to COS cells transfected with TACIDNA.

Example 2 Ztnfr12 Gene Expression in Human and Murine Tissues

Northern blot analysis was performed using Human Multiple Tissue Blots(MTN I, MTN II, and MTN III) (CLONTECH Laboratories, Inc.; Palo Alto,Calif.), Human Immune System blot (CLONTECH), Human normal mRNA blot(Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) and Human Fetal Multiple Tissue Blots(CLONTECH). A 570 base pair human probe was generated by PCR witholigonucleotides 37550 (5′ GCGAATTCGTCGGCACCATGAGGCGAGGG 3; SEQ IDNO:10) and 37549 (5′ CGCTCGAGCTGCCGGCTCCCTGCTATTGTTG 3; SEQ ID NO:11),under the following reaction conditions: 94° C. for 2 minutes; 35 cyclesof 94° C. for 30 seconds, 60° C. for 30 seconds, 72° C. for 30 seconds;followed by 72° C. for 5 minutes. The PCR fragment was gel-purifiedusing QIAQUICK gel extraction kit (QIAGEN, Inc.; Santa Clarita, Calif.).The probe was radioactively labeled with ³²P using the REDIPRIME II DNALabeling system (AMERSHAM, Inc.; UK) according to the manufacturer'sspecifications. The probe was purified using a NUCTRAP push column(Stratagene; La Jolla, Calif.). EXPRESSHYB (CLONTECH) solution was usedfor the hybridizing solution for the blots. Hybridization took placeovernight at 65° C.

The blots were then washed four times with 2×SCC and 0.05% SDS at roomtemperature, followed by two washes in 0.1×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 50° C.One transcript size was detected at approximately 4.4 kilobases.

Tumor Blots were also examined with human uterus tumor blot (Invitrogen,San Diego, Calif.), human tumor panel blot 4 and 5 (InvitrogenCorporation; San Diego, Calif.), human lymphoma blot (Invitrogen), humancancer cell line blot (CLONTECH) and a human leukemia blot. Dot blotswere also analyzed using a Human Multiple Tissue Expression Blot(CLONTECH) and a Human Cancer Gene Screening Blot (Biochain Institute,Inc.; Hayward, Ca). The methods and conditions for the dot blot analyseswere the same as for the multiple tissue blots disclosed above.

Ztnfr12 gene expression was observed in spleen, lymph node, peripheralblood lymphocytes, kidney, heart, liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas,adrenal gland, testis, brain, uterus, stomach, bone marrow, tracheathymus, placenta, fetal liver and Raji cells. The strongest signals wereassociated with spleen tissue, lymph node tissue, and in peripheralblood.

Example 3 Ztnfr12 Gene Expression in Cell Lines

TAQMAN RT-PCR (Applied Biosystems; Foster City, Calif.) was used tofurther examine expression of the Ztnfr12 gene, as well as TACI and BCMAgenes. In these studies, the expression of endogenous humanβ-glucuronidase or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were used ascontrols. Ztnfr12, TACI, and BCMA RNA levels were compared against theRNA levels of these control genes.

As shown in Table 6, the results indicated that Ztnfr12 is primarilyexclusively expressed on B lineage cells. In particular, Ztnfr12 geneexpression was observed in transformed B lymphoma cell lines, such ascells derived from Burkitt's lymphoma (e.g., RAMOS cells, DAUDI cells,RAJI cells, BJAB cells, and HS Sultan cells), cells derived fromNon-Hodgkin's lymphoma (RL cells), B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia cells(IM9, SUP-B15, and REH cells), and the B-cell lymphoma cell lines,DOHH-2, and WSU-NHL. In contrast, Ztnfr12 gene expression was notdetectable in acute T-cell lymphoma cells (Jurkat), monocytic leukemiacells (THP-1 and U937), promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60), andchronic myelogenous leukemia cells (K562).

These results indicate that the Ztnfr12 protein could provide a usefultarget in monoclonal antibody therapy against Burkitt's lymphoma,Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and a variety ofother B-cell lymphomas. Ztnfr12 expression is also quite high in many ofthese cells lines compared with the expression levels of similarreceptors. For example, BCMA seems to be primarily expressed on plasmacells.

TABLE 6 Ztnfr12, TACI, and BCMA Gene Expression Level of Receptor GeneExpression Cell Line Ztnfr12 TACI BCMA IM9 +++ ++ + RAMOS +++ + − DAUDI+++ + − RAJI +++ + − HS Sultan ++ − ++ MC-116 − − + BJAB +++ − +/− RL+++ − + SUP-B15 ++ + + DOHH-2 ++ − + WSU-NHL + + − REH + − − K562 − − −HL-60 − −/+ − THP-1 − − − U937 − − −

Example 4 Construction and Expression of Ztnfr12-Fc Fusion Protein A. Igγ1 Fragment Construction

To prepare the Ztnfr12-Fc4 fusion protein, the Fc region of human IgG1(the hinge region and the CH₂ and CH₃ domains) was modified to removeFcγ1 receptor (FcγRI) and complement (C1q) binding functions. Thismodified version of human IgG1 Fc was designated “Fc4.”

The Fc region was isolated from a human fetal liver library (Clontech)PCR using oligo primers 5′ ATCAGCGGAA TTCAGATCTT CAGACAAAAC TCACACATGCCCAC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:15) and 5′ GGCAGTCTCT AGATCATTTA CCCGGAGACA GGGAG 3′(SEQ ID NO:16). The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of a wild-typehuman γ1 constant region are presented in SEQ ID Nos:17 and 18,respectively. Mutations within the Fc region were introduced by PCR toreduce Fc RI binding. The FcγRI binding site (Leu-Leu-Gly-Gly; aminoacid residues 38 to 41 of SEQ ID NO:18, which correspond to EU indexpositions 234 to 237) was mutated to Ala-Glu-Gly-Ala to reduce FcγR1binding (see, for example, Duncan et al., Nature 332:563 (1988); Baum etal., EMBO J. 13:3992 (1994)). Oligonucleotide primers 5′ CCGTGCCCAGCACCTGAAGC CGAGGGGGCA CCGTCAGTCT TCCTCTTCCC C 3′ (SEQ ID NO:19) and 5′GGATTCTAGA TTATTTACCC GGAGACAGGG A 3′ (SEQ ID NO:20) were used tointroduce the mutation. To a 1 final volume was added 570 ng of IgFctemplate, 5 μl of 10×Pfu reaction Buffer (Stratagene), 8 ml of 1.25 mMdNTPs, 31 μl of distilled water, 2 μl of 20 mM oligonucleotide primers.An equal volume of mineral oil was added and the reaction was heated to94° C. for one minute. Pfu polymerase (2.5 units, Stratagene) was addedfollowed by 25 cycles at 94° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds,72° C. for one minute followed by a seven minute extension at 72° C. Thereaction products were fractioned by electrophoresis, and the bandcorresponding to the predicted size of about 676 base pairs wasdetected. This band was excised from the gel and recovered using aQIAGEN QIAQUICK Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen) according to themanufacturer's instructions. This fragment was designated as the Fc RIbinding site mutated IgFc sequence.

PCR was also used to introduce a mutation of Ala to Ser (amino acidresidue 134 of SEQ ID NO:18, which corresponds to EU index position 330)and Pro to Ser (amino acid residue 135 of SEQ ID NO:18, whichcorresponds to EU index position 331) to reduce complement C1q bindingor complement fixation (Duncan and Winter, Nature 332:788 (1988)). Twofirst round reactions were performed using the FcγRI bindingside-mutated IgFc sequence as a template. To a 50 μl final volume wasadded 1 μl of FcγRI binding site mutated IgFc template, 5 μl of 10×PfuReaction Buffer (Stratagene), 8 μl of 1.25 mM dNTPs, 31 of μl distilledwater, 2 μl of 20 mM 5′ GGTGGCGGCT CCCAGATGGG TCCTGTCCGA GCCCAGATCTTCAGACAAAA CTCAC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:21), a 5′ primer beginning at nucleotide36 of SEQ ID NO:17, and 2 μl of 20 mM 5′ TGGGAGGGCT TTGTTGGA 3′ (SEQ IDNO:22), a 3′ primer beginning at the complement of nucleotide 405 of SEQID NO:17. The second reaction contained 2 μl each of 20 mM stocks ofoligonucleotide primers 5′ TCCAACAAAG CCCTCCCATC CTCCATCGAG AAAACCATCTCC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:23), a 5′ primer beginning at nucleotide 388 of SEQ IDNO:17 and 5′ GGATGGATCC ATGAAGCACC TGTGGTTCTT CCTCCTGCTG GTGGCGGCTCCCAGATG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:24), a 3′ primer, to introduce the Ala to Sermutation, XbaI restriction site and stop codon. An equal volume ofmineral oil was added and the reactions were heated to 94° C. for oneminute. Pfu polymerase (2.5 units, Stratagene) was added followed by 25cycles at 94° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, 72° C. for 2minutes followed by a seven minute extension at 72° C. The reactionproducts were fractionated by electrophoresis, and bands correspondingto the predicted sizes, about 370 and about 395 base pairs respectively,were detected. The bands were excised from the gel and extracted using aQIAGEN QIAQUICK Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen) according to themanufacturer's instructions.

A second round reaction was performed to join the above fragments andadd the 5′ BamHI restriction site and a signal sequence from the humanimmunoglobulin JBL 2′C_(L) heavy chain variable region (Cogne et al.,Eur. J. Immunol. 18:1485 (1988)). To a 50 μl final volume was added 30μl of distilled water, 8 μl of 1.25 mM dNTPs, 5 μl of 10×Pfu polymerasereaction buffer (Stratagene) and 1 μl each of the two first two PCRproducts. An equal volume of mineral oil was added and the reaction washeated to 94° C. for one minute. Pfu polymerase (2.5 units, Stratagene)was added followed by five cycles at 94° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for30 seconds, and 72° C. for 2 minutes. The temperature was again broughtto 94° C. and 2 μl each of 20 mM stocks of 5′GGATGGATCC ATGAAGCACCTGTGGTTCTT CCTCCTGCTG GTGGCGGCTC CCAGATG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:25), a 5′ primerbeginning at nucleotide 1 of SEQ ID NO:17 that introduces a BamHIrestriction site, and 5′ GGATTCTAGA TTATTTACCC GGAGACAGGG A 3′ (SEQ IDNO:26) were added followed by 25 cycles at 94° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C.for 30 seconds and 72° C. for two minutes, and a final seven minuteextension at 72° C. A portion of the reaction was visualized using gelelectrophoresis. A 789 base pair band corresponding the predicted sizewas detected. The remainder of the mutated Fc PCR fragment was digestedwith the restriction enzymes BamHI and XbaI. The digested fragment wascloned and verified by sequence analysis. The mutated Fc was designatedas “Fc4.” The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of Fc4 are provided asSEQ ID NOs:27 and 28, respectively.

The Ig fusion segment designated as “Fc5” was generated by using PCR toamplify the Fc4 Ig fusion segment with oligonucleotide primers 5′GAGCCCAAAT CTTCAGACAA AACTCACACA TGCCCA 3′ (SEQ ID NO:29) and 5′TAATTGGCGC GCCTCTAGAT TATTTACCCG GAGACA 3′ (SEQ ID NO:30). Theconditions of the PCR amplification were as follows. To a 50 μL finalvolume was added 236 ng Fc4 template, 5 μL 10×Pfu reaction buffer, 4 Lof 2.5 mM dNTPs, 1 μL 20 μM each of the primers and 1 μL Pfu polymerase(2.5 units, Stratagene). The amplification thermal profile consisted of94° C. for 2 minutes, 5 cycles at 94° C. for 15 seconds, 42° C. for 20seconds, 72° C. for 45 seconds, 20 cycles at 94° C. for 15 seconds, 72°C. for one minute 20 seconds, followed by a seven minute extension at72° C. The reaction product was electrophoresed on a preparative agarosegel and the band corresponding to the predicted size of 718 by wasdetected. The band was excised from the gel and recovered using a QIAGENQIAQUICK Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer'sinstructions. The mutated Fc fragment was cloned and verified bysequence analysis. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of Fc5 areprovided as SEQ ID NOs:31 and 32, respectively.

B. Ztnfr12-Fc5 Expression Vector Construction

A protein encoding expression cassette for Ztnfr12-tcs-Fc5 was generatedby overlap PCR (Horton et al., Gene 77:61 (1989)) using a mouseimmunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (Ig VH) signal sequence cDNA,a Ztnfr12 cDNA, and an Fc5 DNA fragment as PCR templates. The term “tcs”indicates the presence of a thrombin cleavage site between the Ztnfr12segment and the Fc5 segment.

The first round PCR amplifications consisted of four separate reactionsthat generated the four PCR products (designated as First Round PCRProducts 1, 2, 3, and 4) to be used in the second round, overlap PCR.

First Round PCR Products 1, 2, 3, and 4 were separately generated usingdifferent oligonucleotide primers and DNA templates. To a 25 μl finalvolume each was added approximately 2 ng template DNA, 2.5 μl 10×PfuPolymerase Reaction Buffer (Stratagene), 2 μl of 2.5 mM dNTPs, 2.5 μlRediload (ReGen; Huntsville, Ala.), 20 pmole each 5′ oligonucleotide and3′ oligonucleotide primers (see below), and 0.5 μl Pfu polymerase (2.5units, Stratagene). The reaction to generate First Round PCR Product 4also included the addition of 2.5 μl GC-Melt Reagent (Clontech).Information on the templates and primers used in the PCR amplificationsis provided in Tables 7 and 8.

TABLE 7 Templates and Primers Used in the First Round of PCRAmplification PCR Product Number Template 5′ Primer 3′ Primer 1 MurineIg VH 26-10 signal ZC38,989 ZC38,987 sequence cDNA 2 Ztnfr12 cDNAZC38,986 ZC38,990 3 Ztnfr12 cDNA ZC39,428 ZC39,425 4 Fc5 DNA fragmentZC39,027 ZC38,874

TABLE 8 Oligonucleotide Sequences SEQ Primer Nucleotide Sequence ID NO.ZC38,989 5′ GGCCGGCCACCATGGGAT 3′ 33 ZC38,9875′ TCGCCTCATAGAGAGGACACCTGCAGT 3′ 34 ZC38,9865′ GTCCTCTCTATGAGGCGAGGGCCCCGGA 3′ 35 ZC38,9905′ CGGCGTGCGTAGGAGCCCGCAGGCCAC 3′ 36 ZC39,428 5GGGCTCCTACGCACGCCGCGGCCGAAACC 3′ 37 ZC39,4255′ GGAACCACGCGGAACCAGCGCCGCCTCGCCGGC 38 CCCC 3′ ZC39,0275′ CTGGTTCCGCGTGGTTCCGAGCCCAAATCTTCA 39 GAC 3′ ZC38,8745′ GGCGCGCCTCTAGATTATTTACCCGGAGAC 40 A 3′

The amplification thermal profile consisted of 94° C. for 3 minutes, 30cycles at 94° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, 72° C. for 2minutes, followed by a 4 minute extension at 72° C. The reactionproducts were fractionated using agarose gel electrophoresis and thebands corresponding to the predicted sizes were excised from the gel andrecovered using a QIAGEN QIAQUICK Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen) accordingto the manufacturer's instructions.

The second round PCR amplification, or overlap PCR amplificationreaction, was performed using the gel-purified fragments from the firstround PCR as DNA templates. The conditions of the second round PCRamplification were as follows. To a 50 μl final volume was added 1 μl ofeach First Round PCR Products 1, 2, 3, and 4, 5 μl 10×Pfu PolymeraseReaction Buffer (Stratagene), 4 μl of 2.5 mM dNTPs, 5 μl Rediload(ResGen), 5 μl GC-Melt Reagent (Clontech), approximately 40 pmoles eachZC38,989, ZC38,874 and 0.5 μl Pfu Polymerase (2.5 units, Stratagene).The amplification thermal profile consisted of 94° C. for 3 minutes, 35cycles at 94° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, 72° C. for 3minutes, followed by a 6 minute extension at 72° C. The reactionproduct, designated as “Ztnfr12-tcs-Fc5 PCR,” was fractionated usingagarose gel electrophoresis, and the band corresponding to the predictedsize was excised from the gel and recovered using a QIAGEN QIAQUICK GelExtraction Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The Ztnfr12-tcs-Fc5 PCR product was cloned using Invitrogen's ZEROBLUNTTOPO PCR Cloning Kit following the manufacturer's recommended protocoland the DNA sequence was verified. The nucleotide and amino acidsequences of Ztnfr12-tcs-Fc5 are provided as SEQ ID NOs:41 and 42,respectively. In SEQ ID NO:42, the murine VH 26-10 signal sequence isrepresented by amino acid residues 1 to 19, a Ztnfr12 extracellulardomain is represented by amino acid residues 20 to 90 (i.e., amino acidresidues 1 to 71 of SEQ ID NO:2), the thrombin cleavage site isrepresented by amino acid residues 91 to 96, and the Fc5 immunoglobulinmoiety is represented by amino acid residues 97 to 328.

The plasmid encoding the sequence-verified Ztnfr12-tcs-Fc5 was digestedwith FseI and AscI to release the coding segment. The FseI-AscI fragmentwas ligated into a mammalian expression vector containing acytomegalovirus promoter (CMV) promoter, an SV40 poly A segment, and themurine dihydrofolate reductase gene.

Example 5 Production of Ztnfr12-Fc Proteins by Chinese Hamster OvaryCells

The Ztnfr12-Fc5 expression construct was used to transfect, viaelectroporation, suspension-adapted Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) DG44cells grown in animal protein-free medium (Urlaub et al., Som. Cell.Molec. Genet. 12:555 (1986)). CHO DG44 cells lack a functionaldihydrofolate reductase gene due to deletions at both dihydrofolatereductase chromosomal locations. Growth of the cells in the presence ofincreased concentrations of methotrexate results in the amplification ofthe dihydrofolate reductase gene, and the linked recombinantprotein-encoded gene on the expression construct.

CHO DG44 cells were passaged in PFCHO media (JRH Biosciences, Lenexa,Kans.), 4 mM L-Glutamine (JRH Biosciences), and 1×hypothanxine-thymidine supplement (Life Technologies), and the cellswere incubated at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ in Corning shake flasks at 120 RPMon a rotating shaker platform. The cells were transfected separatelywith linearized expression plasmids. To ensure sterility, a singleethanol precipitation step was performed on ice for 25 minutes bycombining 200 g of plasmid DNA in an Eppendorf tube with 20 μl ofsheared salmon sperm carrier DNA (5′→3′ Inc. Boulder, Colo., 10 mg/ml),22 μl of 3M NaOAc (pH 5.2), and 484 μl of 100% ethanol (Gold ShieldChemical Co., Hayward, Calif.). After incubation, the tube wascentrifuged at 14,000 RPM in a microfuge placed in a 4° C. cold room,the supernatant removed and the pellet washed twice with 0.5 ml of 70%ethanol and allowed to air dry.

The CHO DG44 cells were prepared while the DNA pellet was drying bycentrifuging 10⁶ total cells (16.5 ml) in a 25 ml conical centrifugetube at 900 RPM for five minutes. The CHO DG44 cells were resuspendedinto a total volume of 300 μl of PFCHO growth media, and placed in aGene-Pulser Cuvette with a 0.4 cm electrode gap (Bio-Rad). The DNA,after approximately 50 minutes of drying time, was resuspended into 500μl of PFCHO growth media and added to the cells in the cuvette so thatthe total volume did not exceed 800 μl and was allowed to sit at roomtemperature for five minutes to decrease bubble formation. The cuvettewas placed in a BioRad Gene Pulser II unit set at 0.296 kV (killiVolts)and 0.950 HC (high capacitance) and electroporated immediately.

The cells were incubated five minutes at room temperature beforeplacement in 20 ml total volume of PFCHO media in a CoStar T-75 flask.The flask was placed at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ for 48 hours when the cellswere then counted by hemocytometer utilizing trypan blue exclusion andput into PFCHO selection media without hypothanxine-thymidine supplementand containing 200 mM methotrexate (Cal Biochem). Upon recovery of themethotrexate selection process, the conditioned media containing thesecreted Ztnfr12-Fc5 proteins were examined by Western Blot analysis.

In one study, fusion proteins were purified as follows. Ten liters ofconditioned media from CHO cells were clarified and sterile-filtered viapassage through a 0.22 μm filter. The filtered medium sample was thenapplied to a 72 ml protein A column (Poros 50A) for the capture ofZtnfr12-Fc5 target molecule. Flow-through material from the originalapplication was reprocessed twice on the protein A column to enhancemaximal recovery. Analysis with non-reducing SDS-PAGE indicated that thebound material recovered at this step was both multimeric and dimeric.After fractionation with reducing SDS-PAGE, only monomeric fusionprotein having a molecular weight of 36 kD was observed. The recoveredmixture of Ztnfr12-Fc5 species was then applied to a Superdex-200 sizeexclusion chromatography column (318 ml) to further purify andbuffer-exchange the material. This step provided resolution of thedimeric material from the mulitmeric material.

Example 6 Characterization of Ztnfr12-Fc Fusion Proteins

Edman degradation was performed to identify the N-terminus of theZtnfr12-Fc fusion protein. The results indicate that the N-terminus wasdigested, and that the first amino acid was Ser⁷.

Ztnfr12-Fc was digested with thrombin using standard techniques.Briefly, thrombin digestion was performed by adding the thrombin at a1:25 ratio by weight to protein, and incubating at room temperature for30 minutes. The reaction was stopped by immediate injection ontoreverse-phase HPLC column for the LC separation part of the analysis.The eluate from the reverse phase column was directed into an LCQ massspectrometer and MS and MS/MS data were collected. Each digest wasanalyzed with and without reduction and peaks observed to bedifferentially recovered were identified by mass matching and sequence(MS/MS) confirmation analysis where possible. Thrombin digestion of theprotein identified the presence of the following two cleavage sites inthe Ztnfr12 domain in addition to the engineered site: Arg³⁹-Thr⁴⁰, andArg⁵⁴-Thr⁵⁵.

Due to the protease resistance of the Fc domain, no glycosylationmodifications could be observed for that part of the protein. The singlepredicted N-linked carbohydrate is in the Fc domain at Asn¹⁵⁹.

However, numerous heterogeneous O-glycans were observed attached to theZtnfr12 domain. The fully formed structure of these O-glycans isconsistent with previously characterized O-glycans found on proteinsrecombinantly produced in CHO cells and is a tetra-saccharide of theform, (N-acetyl hexosamine)-(N-acetyl neuramic acid (i.e., sialicacid))-(hexose)-(N-acetyl neuramic acid). The most predominant formobserved was the tri-saccharide, (N-acetylhexosamine)-(hexose)-(N-acetyl neuramic acid). Each site was observed tobe partially and heterogeneously occupied with multiple forms of thecarbohydrate ranging from a single N-acetyl hexosamine to the fullyformed tetra-saccharide. Due to the heterogeneity of the carbohydratesand the incomplete nature of this analysis, a clear assignment ofpercent site occupancy was not possible. The residues that were observedto be modified at some level were Thr¹⁷, Thr⁴⁰, Ser⁴⁹, Ser⁵⁰, Thr⁵⁵, andSer⁶². These carbohydrate modifications distinguish this fusion proteinfrom TACI-Fc, which has only a single N-linked carbohydrate in the Fcdomain.

Ztnfr12-Fc5 was immobilized to a plate coated with goat anti-human IgGFc, and incubated with ZTNF4-biotin. The results of this study showedthat Ztnfr12-Fc5 binds ZTNF4. Additional studies showed that Ztnfr12-Fc5inhibited the proliferation of human peripheral blood cells, which hadbeen co-activated with soluble ZTNF4 and recombinant human IL-4, andthat Ztnfr12-Fc5 inhibited ZTNF4-biotin binding to soluble TACIreceptor.

Example 7 Baculovirus Expression of Soluble Ztnfr12

An expression vector, pZBV37L:sTNFR12cee, was designed to expresssoluble Ztnfr12 polypeptide (amino acid residues 1 to 71 of SEQ ID NO:2)with a C-terminal “EE” tag (EYMPMD; SEQ ID NO:45), after cleavage of thesignal peptide.

A. Construction of pZBV37L:sTNFR12cee

A 257 base pair sTNFR12cee fragment containing BspeI and XbaIrestriction sites on the 5′ and 3′ ends, respectively, was generated byPCR amplification from a plasmid containing Ztnfr12 cDNA, using primers5′ ATGCATTCCG GAATGAGGCG AGGGCCCCGG AGCCTG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:43) and 5′ATGCATTCTA GATCAGTCCA TCGGCATGTA TTCCGCCGCC TCGCCGGCCC CCGC 3′ (SEQ IDNO:44). The PCR reaction conditions were as follows, using the ExpandHigh Fidelity PCR System (Boehringer Mannheim) for a 100 μl volumereaction containing 10% DMSO: 1 cycle at 94° C. for 2 minutes; 35 cyclesof 94° C. for 15 seconds, 50° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 45seconds; 1 cycle at 72° C. for 5 min; followed by 4° C. soak. Fivemicroliters of the reaction mix were visualized by gel electrophoresis(1% NuSieve agarose). The remainder of the reaction mix was purified viaQiagen PCR purification kit as per manufacturer's instructions andeluted in 30 μl of water. The cDNA was digested in a 35 μl volume usingBspeI and XbaI (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) in appropriatebuffer conditions for 1 hr at 37° C. The digested PCR product band wasrun through a 1% agarose TAE gel, excised and extracted using a QIAQUICKGel Extraction Kit (Qiagen) and eluted in 30 μl of water. The purified,digested sTNFR12cee PCR product was ligated into the MCS of a previouslyprepared and restriction enzyme digested (BspeI and XbaI) vectorpZBV37L.

The pZBV37L vector is a modification of the PFASTBAC1 (LifeTechnologies) expression vector, where the polyhedron promoter has beenremoved and replaced with the late activating Basic Protein Promoter andthe EGT leader signal sequence upstream of the multiple cloning site.Five microliters of the restriction digested sTNFR12cee and about 50 ngof the corresponding pZBV37L vector were ligated overnight at 16° C. ina 20 μl volume in appropriate buffer conditions. Five microliters of theligation mix were transformed into 50 μl of ELECTOMAX DH12S cells (LifeTechnologies) by electroporation at 400 Ohms, 2V and 25 μF in a 2 mm gapelectroporation cuvette (BTX). The transformed cells were diluted in 350μl of SOC media (2% Bacto Tryptone, 0.5% Bacto Yeast Extract, 10 ml 1MNaCl, 1.5 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM MgSO₄ and 20 mM glucose) incubatedfor one hour at 37° C., and 50 μl of the dilution were plated onto LBplates containing 100 μg/ml ampicillin.

Clones were analyzed by PCR and restriction digestion. Positive cloneswere selected, plated and submitted for sequencing. Once proper sequencewas confirmed, 25 ng of positive clone DNA was transformed into 100 μlDH10BAC MAX EFFICIENCY competent cells (GIBCO-BRL) by heat shock for 45seconds in a 42° C. heat block. The transformed DH10BAC cells werediluted in 900 μl of SOC media (2% Bacto Tryptone, 0.5% Bacto YeastExtract, 10 ml 1M NaCl, 1.5 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM MgSO₄ and 20 mMglucose) incubated for 37° C. for one hour, and 100 μl were plated ontoLuria Agar plates containing 50 μg/ml kanamycin, 7 μg/ml gentamicin, 10μg/ml tetracycline, 40 μg/mL IPTG and 200 μg/mL BLUO-GAL(5-bromo-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside). The plates were incubated for48 hours at 37° C. A color selection was used to identify those cellshaving transposed viral DNA (referred to as a “bacmid”). Those colonies,which were white in color, were picked. Positive white colonies(containing desired bacmid) were selected for outgrowth and subsequentbacmid DNA purification. Spodoptera Frugiperda (Sf9) cells weretransfected after culture outgrowth and bacmid isolation.

B. Transfection of Sf9 Cells

Sf9 cells were seeded at 1×10⁶ cells per well in a 6-well plate andallowed to attach for 1 hour at 27° C. About 5 μg of bacmid DNA werediluted with 100 μl Sf-900 II SFM (Life Technologies). Twentymicroliters of LIPOFECTAMINE Reagent (Life Technologies) were dilutedwith 100 μl of Sf-900 II SFM. The bacmid DNA and lipid solutions weregently mixed and incubated for 45 minutes at room temperature. Eighthundred microliters of Sf-900 II SFM were added to the lipid-DNAmixture. The media was aspirated from the well and the 1 ml of DNA-lipidmix added to the cells. The cells were incubated at 27° C. overnight.The DNA-lipid mix was aspirated and 2 ml of Sf-900 II media were addedto each plate. The plates were incubated at 27° C., 90% humidity, forabout seven days, and then the virus was harvested.

C. Amplification

Sf9 cells were seeded at 1×10⁶ cells per well in a 6-well plate in 2 mlof SF-900II. Five hundred microliters of virus from the transfectionplate were placed in the well, and the plate was incubated at 27° C.,90% humidity, for 96 hours after which the virus was harvested for theprimary amplification. Additional amplification can be achieved usingthe following procedure.

A second round of amplification can proceed as follows: Sf9 cells areseeded at 1×10⁶ cells per well in a 6-well plate in 2 ml of SF-900II.One hundred microliters of virus from the primary amplification plateare placed in the well and the plate is incubated at 27° C., 90%humidity, for 96 hours, and then the virus was harvested to complete thesecondary amplification.

An additional round of amplification can be performed. Sf9 cells aregrown in 50 ml Sf-900 II SFM in a 250 ml shake flask to an approximatedensity of 1×10⁶ cells/ml. They are then infected with 500 μl of theviral stock from the above plate and incubated at 27° C. for 3 daysafter which time the virus is harvested.

This viral stock is titered by a growth inhibition curve and the titerculture that indicated a MOI of 1 is allowed to proceed for a total of48 hours. The supernatant is analyzed via a non-reduced Western using aprimary monoclonal antibody specific for the GFD of zVegf4 (E3595) and aHRP conjugated goat anti-Mu secondary antibody. Results should indicatea dimer band of about 79 kDa and additional higher molecular weightspecies. Supernatant can also be used for activity analysis.

A large viral stock is generated by the following method: Sf9 cells aregrown in 1 L Sf-900 II SFM in a 2800 ml shake flask to an approximatedensity of 1×10⁶ cells/ml. They are then infected with 10 ml of theviral stock from the last amplification, and incubated at 27° C. for 96hours, after which time the virus is harvested.

Larger scale infections can be completed to provide material fordownstream purification.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that, although specificembodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes ofillustration, various modifications may be made without deviating fromthe spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is notlimited except as by the appended claims.

1. An antibody or antibody fragment that specifically binds an isolated polypeptide comprising amino acid residues 1 to 69 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
 2. An antibody or antibody fragment that specifically binds an isolated polypeptide consisting essentially of amino acid residues 1 to 69 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said polypeptide binds to ztnfr12 ligand.
 3. An antibody or antibody fragment that specifically binds an isolated polypeptide consisting of amino acid residues 1 to 69 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
 4. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody is a polyclonal antibody or a fragment thereof.
 5. The antibody of claim 1 wherein the antibody is a murine monoclonal antibody or a humanized derivative thereof.
 6. The antibody of claim 1 wherein the antibody is a human monoclonal antibody.
 7. The antibody of claim 3 wherein the antibody is a polyclonal antibody or a fragment thereof.
 8. The antibody of claim 3 wherein the antibody is a murine monoclonal antibody or a humanized derivative thereof.
 9. The antibody of claim 3 wherein the antibody is a human monoclonal antibody
 10. An antibody or antibody fragment that specifically binds an isolated polypeptide comprising amino acid residues 1 to 79 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
 11. An antibody or antibody fragment that specifically binds an isolated polypeptide consisting essentially of amino acid residues 1 to 79 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said polypeptide binds to ztnfr12 ligand.
 12. An antibody or antibody fragment that specifically binds an isolated polypeptide consisting of amino acid residues 1 to 79 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
 13. The antibody of claim 10, wherein the antibody is a polyclonal antibody or a fragment thereof.
 14. The antibody of claim 10 wherein the antibody is a murine monoclonal antibody or a humanized derivative thereof.
 15. The antibody of claim 10 wherein the antibody is a human monoclonal antibody
 16. The antibody of claim 13, wherein the antibody is a polyclonal antibody or a fragment thereof.
 17. The antibody of claim 13 wherein the antibody is a murine monoclonal antibody or a humanized derivative thereof.
 18. The antibody of claim 13 wherein the antibody is a human monoclonal antibody. 